Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Review Article

[English] Factors associated with Hypertensive Retinopathy among People with Hypertension: A Systematic Review: Ihn Sook Jeong, Chan Mi Kang, Eun Joo Lee, Seol Bin Kim, Young Kyung Seo, Young Shin Son, Kun Hyung Kim; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2025;36(1):130-149. Published online March 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2024.00857

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The associated factors for hypertensive retinopathy (HTR) are rarely investigated. This study aimed to identify the associated factors for HTR using a systematic review.
Methods
The review included cross-sectional, case-controlled, and cohort studies on HTR risk factors published in Korean and English with full texts available from PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Korean databases. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist.
Results
Eleven studies were finally selected, and three studies including patients with hypertension without diabetes mellitus, older age, male sex, alcohol consumption, the duration of hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, high creatinine levels, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular changes were identified as factors associated with HTR. Conversely, in the remaining eight studies, younger age, non-smoking status, and renal function indicators (albuminuria, high creatinine levels, chronic kidney disease, and uric acid) were identified as associated factors.
Conclusions
Regardless of the inclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus, impaired kidney functions were determined as significant factors associated with retinopathy in patients with HTR. However, considering a limited number of evidence and lack of evidence to confirm causality, we recommend further research on renal function and HTR.

Original Articles

[English] Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetes People using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII: Ihn Sook Jeong, Chan Mi Kang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(4):408-417. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.4.408

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII (2017~2018). Methods: DM was defined as in two ways; 1) doctor's diagnosis (Group 1, n=549), 2) one of doctor's diagnosis, medication, or hyperglycemia (Group 2, n=849). The DR prevalence was measured as the prevalence proportion (%). Risk factors for developing DR were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: The prevalence of DR was 25.87% in Group 1 and 20.14% in Group 2. Risk factors for DR were identified as insulin therapy (Group 1: OR=5.31, Group 2: OR=5.27), DM duration ≥10 years (Group 1: OR=2.20, Group 2: OR=3.10), and systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg (Group 1: OR=2.26, Group 2: OR=2.23) for both groups. Conclusion: Considering the DR prevalence, eye examinations education is highly recommended as part of a diabetes management programs in the community. It is also proposed to shorten the eye examination cycle for people with risk factors and establish a referral system to link between screening to treatment.

[English] The Effect of Unemployment in Depression by Age Group: Using 12 States' Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: Kyung Mi Woo, Zhi Sun Zhang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(4):436-446. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.4.436

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aims to explore the association between unemployment and depression in people from different age groups ranging from 18 to 65 years old.
Methods
This study used a cross-sectional design. We performed bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression on the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 12 states in the United States.
Results
On a sample comprised of n=53,406 individuals, of whom 2,546 (7.8%) were identified as being depressed and 3,448 (10.6%) as unemployed, we found that individuals aged 61~65 years have a lower depression risk compared to those aged 18-25 after adjusting for other variables including employment status. However, people from 61~65 have higher increased risk of depression when unemployed compared to other age groups in all three models tested (3.95 times higher in unemployed people in model 1, and 2.81 times higher in model 2 and model 3).
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that there may need to be more focus on older adults who are unemployed, with associated support services for their mental health. The results of our study indicate that although older adults are less likely to be unemployed, there are more likely to experience depression if they are unemployed (once other confounding factors are taken into account) than younger adults. Policies and interventions can be developed to address not only the physical difficulties but also the mental challenges with which older adults can be at risk facing in case of unemployment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Work-family trajectories and health: A systematic review
Vendula Machů, Iris Arends, Karin Veldman, Ute Bültmann
Advances in Life Course Research.2022; 52: 100466. CrossRef
Self-Rated Health, Demographic Factors and Depressive Symptoms Among Malaysian Adults
Nur Syahirah Mohd Shah, Nik Nur Wahidah Nik Hashim, Nadzirah Ahmad Basri, Siti Fauziah Toha
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARE SCHOLARS.2022; 5(1): 29. CrossRef

[English] Predictors of Accidental Falls in the Community-dwelling Elderly by Age: Nan Ju Park, Yong Soon Shin; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2019;30(2):141-149. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.2.141

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11 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors of accidental falls by age in the Korean elderly.
METHODS
The study subjects included 10,242 community-dwelling elders aged 65 or over. The data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The risk factors of accidental falls in the younger old group (aged 65~74) include fear of falling (OR=16.28, 95% CI: 12.03~22.03), depression (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.06~1.44), and hearing impairment (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.01~1.43). The risk factors of accidental falls in the older old group (aged 75~84) include fear of falling (OR=11.54, 95% CI: 7.04~18.93), muscle strength (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.15~1.60), number of chronic disease (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.09~2.50), and presence of spouse (OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.06~1.51). The risk factors of accidental falls in the oldest old group (aged 85 years old or older) include fear of falling (OR=8.05, 95% CI: 1.85~34.98) and exercise (OR=2.91, 95% CI: 1.36~6.24). Fear of falling is defined as a common factor in the all age groups.
CONCLUSION
Different strategies should be developed for age groups to prevent elderly falls with understanding of contributing factors of falls in each group.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Factors Affecting Fall Incidents at Long-term Care Hospitals: Using Data from the Korea Patient Safety Reporting and Learning System
Soojin Chung, Jeongim Lee
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2025; 50(1): 96. CrossRef
Predictors of Depression in Elderly According to Gender during COVID-19: Using the Data of 2020 Community Health Survey
Hye-Jung Jun, Kyoung-Mi Kim
Healthcare.2024; 12(5): 551. CrossRef
Nomogram for Predicting the Risk Factors for Falls in Older People: A Secondary Data Analysis Based on the 2021 Community Health Survey
Sook Kyoung Park, Hyuk Joon Kim, Young-Me Lee, Hye Young Kim
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of a fall prediction model for community-dwelling older adults in South Korea using machine learning: a secondary data analysis
Minhee Suh, Hyesil Jung, Juli Kim
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2024; 26(4): 288. CrossRef
Health-related quality of life in older women with injuries: a nationwide study
Yeunhee Kwak, Jung-Won Ahn
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors influencing fall in the community-dwelling elderly: Data from the 2020 national survey of older people: A secondary analysis study
Chang Kwan Lee
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(3): 320. CrossRef
Validity of the Morse Fall Scale and the Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool for fall risk assessment in an acute care setting
Young Ju Kim, Kyoung‐Ok Choi, Suk Hyun Cho, Seok Jung Kim
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2022; 31(23-24): 3584. CrossRef
A model for predicting fall experience in the elderly population over 65 years old: Decision tree analysis
Myeunghee Han
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2022; 24(4): 366. CrossRef
Comparison of factors influencing fall recurrence in the young-old and old-old: a cross-sectional nationwide study in South Korea
Mi Young Kim, Yujeong Kim
BMC Geriatrics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Health-Related Quality of Life of Elderly Women with Fall Experiences
Jiyoung Song, Eunwon Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 7804. CrossRef
Factors Associated with the Fear of Falling after Discharge in Older Adults Who had Surgery after Experiencing a Fall Fracture
Jin-Yeong Kim, Gwi-Ryung Son Hong
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2021; 23(4): 395. CrossRef

[English] Risk Factors for Unawareness of Obstructive Airflow Limitation among Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Mi Rae Jo, Hee Young Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(3):290-299. Published online September 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.3.290

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of the present study is to examine risk factors for unawareness of obstructive airflow limitation among adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
METHODS
Secondary data analysis was performed with the data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES; 2013â€“2014). The data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS 22.0 version using frequency, percentage, odds ratio, and logistic regression.
RESULTS
Ninety-eight percent of subject with a pulmonary function test score of FEV1/FVC < 0.7 (N=833) did not recognize that their lung function was impaired. The heavy drink, absence of tuberculosis or asthma diagnosis, and no symptom of expelling phlegm were identified as major risk factors for unawareness of airflow limitation.
CONCLUSION
In order to increase awareness of airflow limitation and to prevent the worsening of the condition, the pulmonary function screening test should be provided to community residents including those who do not show symptoms of respiratory illness.

Citations

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Disease Awareness and Treatment Experience of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Hyun Jung Noh, Su Hyun Kim, Woo Joung Joung
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2020; 27(2): 188. CrossRef

[English] Factors Influencing the Initiation of Treatment after the Diagnosis of Korean Patients with HIV: Mi So Shim, Gwang Suk Kim, Chang Gi Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(3):279-289. Published online September 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.3.279

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study has been conducted to identify factors that influence the initiation of treatment after the diagnosis of Korean patients with HIV.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study design was used, and 290 patients with HIV from outpatient departments of 7 hospitals participated. Self-report questionnaires included items on the days from the primary diagnosis to the initiation of treatment, and the patients' demographic and disease related characteristics. Negative binomial regression model (NBR) was utilized to determine risk factors influencing the initiation of treatment after the diagnosis of the patients with HIV.
RESULTS
The skewness of days was 6.62, and the degree of asymmetry of distribution was severe. In NBR, patients who were in their 40s and 50s, female, unmarried and living with their family, jobless, in a middle or high level of economic status, and diagnosed before 2014 showed a higher risk of delayed treatment than patients who were younger, male, married and living with family, in a low level of economic status, and diagnosed in 2014 or afterwards.
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest the necessity of intervention to promote HIV patients' early entry into treatment based on the participants' characteristics.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Barriers and facilitators on the HIV care continuum among adults living with HIV in high-income countries: a scoping review protocol
Gwang Suk Kim, Youngin Kim, Min Kyung Park, Sang A Lee, Youngjin Lee, Mi-So Shim
Systematic Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

[English] The Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewives: An Analysis of the 2010~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Chul Gyu Kim, Young Ji Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):108-119. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.108

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4 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives and to explore controllable and uncontrollable factors regarding metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
The study population of this cross-sectional survey was from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2010 through 2015, including the fifth and sixth population-based studies. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) based on Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Metabolic Syndrome by the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2015.
RESULTS
Among the 2,498 subjects, 247 subjects had metabolic syndrome and the prevalence was estimated to be 9.9%. The number of subjects who met the criterion of HDL was 936 (36.2%), which was the most prevalent among the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant (p < .05) factors include age, livinghood benefit group, perceived health status, obesity, family history of DM, sleeping time, awareness of stress,leukocyte, and erythrocyte count. The odds ratio of obesity in the BMI â‰¥25 group was 12.59 times as high as that of the BMI < 25 group (p < .001) for metabolic syndrome.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives in the survey was not low, and it is necessary to develop and apply comprehensive health habit management programs to improve controllable factors including exercise and food intake.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of Household Type on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korea: Using Propensity Score Matching
Jisu Park, Ilsu Park
Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 1894. CrossRef
Comparison of metabolic syndrome and related factors in married pre-menopausal white- and blue-collar woman
Seungmi Park, Chul-Gyu Kim, Youngji Kim
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2022; 77(9): 744. CrossRef
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159. CrossRef
Mental Health Status of Adults with Cardiovascular or Metabolic Diseases by Gender
Yeunhee Kwak, Yoonjung Kim, Soo Jin Kwon, Haekyung Chung
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 514. CrossRef

[English] Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation among Middle Class Korean: Focusing on Psychosocial Comparison - An Analysis of a Nationwide Survey of the 8th Korea Health Panel Data: Ahra Jo, Bora Kang, Young Ju Seo, Eun Ha Gil, Hee Young Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):1-10. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.1

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation among middle class Korean.
METHODS
Cross sectional study was designed for secondary data analysis. From the 8th Korea Health Panel survey (2008~2013), a total of 6,037 data was drawn and analyzed by developmental stage using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, Ï‡Â² test, and logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Across all age groups, high physical-mental stress, frustration, anxiety about the future and low self-perceived health status or social class were found to be the risk factors of suicidal ideation. Peer-compared subjective health status and frustration significantly influenced the adolescents. The young adults' suicidal ideation was mainly influenced by physical and mental stress, frustration and absence of economic activity. For the middle-aged, physical and mental stress, frustration, future anxiety, low peer-compared subjective health status were found to be the major influencing factors. The predominant risk factors for the elderly were frustration and low peer-compared subjective health status.
CONCLUSION
Making comparisons to others significantly influence suicidal ideation throughout all life cycles. Improvement of mental health and suicide prevention can be enhanced by avoiding negative comparison to others.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Factors affecting suicidal ideation among premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Go‐Un Kim, Hae Kyoung Son, Mi‐Young Kim
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2021; 28(3): 356. CrossRef

[English] The Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors among Adults: Eun Ok Park, Moon Doo Kim, Young Ju Son, Hyo Jeong Song, Seong Chul Hong; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2009;20(3):277-284. Published online September 30, 2009

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to investigate depression prevalence and related factors of depression in Jeju Province.
METHODS
The study sample selected using randomized cluster sampling method, and the unit of cluster was 25 households. Data were collected from 1275 adults in 723 households through home visit interview. The response rate was 89.4%. The instrument used for measuring depression was CES-D, the cut-off score was 21. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and logistic regression.
RESULTS
The prevalence of depression in Jeju was 18.1%. The significant differences were found with depression prevalence rate by the group of gender, age, inhabited area, marital status, educational status, monthly household income, life satisfaction, socioeconomic status, perceived health status, morbidity during last 2 weeks, perceived stress, perceived fatigue, participation in social activities, and family life satisfaction. The most predictive factors among those variables were perceived fatigue with 17.93 of odds ratio, family life satisfaction with 9.86 odds ratio, and perceived stress with 9.66 of odds ratio.
CONCLUSION
The prevention and management of depression program development was suggested and mental health promotion program for the prevention of depression was suggested.

[English] Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dementia in the Community Elderly: Nam Hee Park, Youn Mee Lee, Lu Rie E; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008;19(1):36-45. Published online March 31, 2008

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia in order to estimate the associations of dementia with its risk factors in the community elderly.
METHODS
The multistage random cluster sampling method was used to select the subjects. The response rate was 94.3%. For the 1st stage screening survey, the Korean-version Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and the Bathel Index of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were used as primary screening tools. At the 2nd stage, diagnoses were confirmed according to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) and Computer Tomogram (CT).
RESULTS
Age-sex adjusted prevalence (%) [95% CI] of dementia was 6.25% [4.47-7.83] (male 4.21% [2.40-6.02]; female 8.28% [5.71-10.85]). Four statistically significant risk factors of the dementia were identified: age 70-74 (OR=1.367), age 75-79 (OR=1.712), age 80-84 (OR=2.465), age 85 over (OR=7.363); illiteracy (OR=3.827); unconsciousness after head injury (OR=3.383), and no exercise (OR=2.188). Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit index of dementia risk model was E (logit of dementia)= -4.337+0.312*Age(70~74)+0.538*Age(75~79)+0.902*Age(80~84)+1.996*Age(85over)+1.342*Illiteracy+1.219*Unconsciousness after head trauma+0.783*No exercise. We confirmed that the overall prevalence of dementia in adults aged 65 and older was 94.3%. The risk factors of dementia were explained by age, illiteracy, unconsciousness after head trauma and no exercise.
CONCLUSION
These data have been used to estimate the incidence of dementia in elderly community population and to manage the possible role of risk factors as predictors of dementia.

[English] A Structural Model Development on the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Male Manufacturing Workers: Eun Sook Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2006;17(2):153-165. Published online June 30, 2006

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

[English] Nutritional Risk and Its Contributing Factors in the Low-income Elderly in Urban Areas: Sook Ja Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2005;16(4):392-403. Published online December 31, 2005

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to evaluate the nutritional status of low-income elders in urban areas and factors affecting their nutritional risk.
METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted. The subjects were 300 elders selected from home visiting clients of DongJack Public Health Center. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing questions on socio-demographic characteristics. health behavior and disease. dietary pattern. Nutritional Screening Initiative. Geriatric Depression Scale and Barthel Index for ADL. Collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. chi2-test and multiple regression analysis using SPSS.
RESULTS
Of the subjects, 63% had high nutritional risk, 21.3% moderate nutritional risk, and 15.7% good nutritional risk. NSI score was significantly different according to economic status, subjective health condition, medication, dental health, depression. regularity of diet and meal with family. Multiple regression analysis revealed that depression, subjective health condition, dental health and regularity of diet and meal with family explain 38.1% of nutritional risk.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to evaluate nutrition status and to control nutritional risk factors such as depression, dental health, regularity of diet and meal with family for improving the health of the low-income elderly.

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