Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

[English] Path Analysis of Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life for Community-Dwelling Vulnerable Older Adults with Chronic Diseases in Korea: Hyun-Ju Lee; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2025;36(3):315-327. Published online September 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2025.01067

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aims to construct and verify a path model for the factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in community-dwelling vulnerable older adults with chronic diseases in Korea. Methods: The sample included 195 community-dwelling vulnerable adults aged 65 years and above with chronic diseases in Korea. Structured questionnaires were collected from April to June 2022. Data were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 28.0 programs. Results: The hypothesized path model significantly explained HRQoL in community-dwelling vulnerable older adults with chronic diseases, with a high explanatory power (48.0%). Self-rated health (SRH) and self-efficacy for managing chronic disease (SEMCD) had a significant direct effect on HRQoL. The number of diseases, depressive symptoms, social support, and digital literacy indirectly affected HRQoL. Conclusion: To improve HRQoL in community-dwelling vulnerable older adults with chronic diseases, integrated community health-management programs should focus on enhancing SEMCD and SRH, while incorporating depression screening, social support, and digital literacy education.

[English] Effects of a Self-Care Reinforcement Program for Socially Vulnerable Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome in Korea: Mi Kyung Park, Ki Wol Sung; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2019;30(3):271-280. Published online September 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.3.271

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PURPOSE
This study evaluates the efficacy of a Self-Care Reinforcement Program (SCRP) based on the Selection Optimization Compensation (SOC) model, in socially vulnerable elderly women with metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
This study adopts a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. The participants were 64 socially vulnerable elderly Korean women with metabolic syndrome (experimental group: 31, control group: 33). Participants' body composition analysis, nutrient intake, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, depressive symptoms, and social network were measured. Data were analyzed with an independent t-test; statistical significance levels were set at p<.05. The SCRP, including metabolic syndrome education, nutritional education, exercise, and social network, was performed three times a week for 8 weeks.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, sodium intake, depressive symptoms, and social networks.
CONCLUSION
The SCRP is effective and can be recommended as a community health nursing intervention for socially vulnerable elderly women with metabolic syndrome.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evaluation of a health promotion program based on Community-based Participatory Research for older adults at risk for metabolic syndrome: a mixed methods study
Juhyeon Yang, Bohyun Park
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effects of Health Literacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behaviors on Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged and Older Women Living in Rural Areas of Republic of Korea
Eun-Kyung Lee, Yong-Sook Eo
Healthcare.2025; 13(24): 3279. CrossRef
Analysis of energy intakes, physical activities and metabolic syndrome according to the income level in Korean elderly people: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016‒2018
Eun-Sook Sung, Sijin Lee, Youngjun Lee, Seunghee Lee, Jonghoon Park
Physical Activity and Nutrition.2022; 26(2): 028. CrossRef
Phytochemical Investigation of Marker Compounds from Indigenous Korean Salix Species and Their Antimicrobial Effects
Yoon Seo Jang, Da Eun Lee, Joo-Hyun Hong, Kyung Ah Kim, Bora Kim, Yeo Rang Cho, Moon-Jin Ra, Sang-Mi Jung, Jeong-Nam Yu, Seongpil An, Ki Hyun Kim
Plants.2022; 12(1): 104. CrossRef
Effects of the Participatory Action Research on Reducing the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Women
Yong-Sook Eo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11103. CrossRef

[English] Influences of Social Support, Self-esteem and Hope on Health Conservation of the Vulnerable Elderly with Diabetes: Ki Wol Sung, Ji Hyeon Park, Mi Kyung Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2017;28(4):386-396. Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.4.386

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3 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of social support, self - esteem, hope, and health conservation of the vulnerable elderly people with diabetes.
METHODS
Participants were 100 vulnerable elderly people with diabetes living in D or K cities. Data collection was done through interviews from February to March, 2016. Social support was measured with the MOS-SSS (Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey), self-esteem with Self-Esteem Scale, hope with the Nowotny Hope Scale, and health conservation with the Sung's Health Conservation Scale. IBM SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
Factors affecting the health conservation of the vulnerable elderly people were social support, hope, education level and subjective health status. These factors explained 64.9% of the health conservation.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to construct a comprehensive nursing classification system for elderly people with diabetes in vulnerable class and to develop integrated health conservation program and nursing care as a new social support resource.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effectiveness of a Participatory Program for Improving the Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Health of Older Farmers in Rural Korea
Ki-Youn Kim, Juhye Jin, Yeon-Ha Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 3210. CrossRef
Positive attributes in elderly people with different degrees of depression: a study based on network analysis
Sabrina Braga dos Santos, Wagner de Lara Machado, Liana Lisboa Fernandez, Analuiza Camozatto de Pádua, Sofia Hoffmann, Prisla Ücker Calvetti, Bruno Luis Schaab, Caroline Tozzi Reppold
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Diyabetik Hastalarda Sosyal Destek ile Umutsuzluk Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma
Neşe KARAKAŞ, Seher ÇEVİK AKTURA, Zeliha BÜYÜKBAYRAM, Bahri EVREN, Seyhan ÇITLIK SARITAŞ
Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2023; 12(2): 757. CrossRef

[English] Health Behaviors and Health-related Quality of Life among Vulnerable Children in a Community: Su Yeon Kim, Jin A Choo; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(3):292-302. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.3.292

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9 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between health behaviors and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among vulnerable children in a community.
METHODS
Using data from 'The Obesity Prevention Framework for Vulnerable Children', a secondary analysis was conducted for 165 children (ages 8~12 years) and their parents who were recruited from 16 K-gu Community Child Centers in Seoul. Six types of health behaviors related to eating and activity were assessed. Each behavior was categorized into the non-recommended vs. recommended levels. The scores of the recommended levels of the six health behaviors were summed up for the composite score of health behaviors. HRQOL was measured by KIDSCREEN-52.
RESULTS
The groups with a non-recommended level of fast food intake and sedentary behavior had a significantly lower total score of KIDSCREEN-52 than those with a recommended level. Moreover, the lower composite score of health behaviors was significantly associated with the lower total score of KIDSCREEN-52.
CONCLUSION
Among the vulnerable children, the six recommended health behaviors and their composite score were in significant positive associations with the HRQOL levels. Therefore, nursing strategies for enhancing the recommended levels of health behaviors are needed for vulnerable children.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Development of an integrated health promotion program for school-age children from vulnerable families in South Korea: a methodological study
Eunjeong Bae, Eun Kyoung Choi
Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(2): 107. CrossRef
Effects of Multidisciplinary Health Promotion Program Among Children in Community Childcare Center
Yerin Kim, Gyeong Seob Shin, Jungwon Park, Minji Kang, Kumhee Son, Yoon Myung Kim, Kyung Hee Park, Hyunjung Lim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2024; 13(1): 8. CrossRef
Diet-Related Disparities and Childcare Food Environments for Vulnerable Children in South Korea: A Mixed-Methods Study
Jiyoung Park, Seolhyang Baek, Gahui Hwang, Chongwon Park, Sein Hwang
Nutrients.2023; 15(8): 1940. CrossRef
Development of Forest-based Health Promotion Program forVulnerable School Children
Kyung-Sook Bang, Sungjae Kim, Min Kyung Song, KyungIm Kang, Yeseul Jeong
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2020; 17(1): 1. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Health Behaviors in Late School-aged Children from Multicultural Families
Sangmi Lee
Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 23. CrossRef
A Systematic Review of Interventions with Low-Income School-Age Children and Adolescents
Ji-hye Hwang, HyunJee Choi, Hyo Jin Jeong, Chorong Kim, YunJung Woo
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2018; 15(2): 92. CrossRef
The Differences in Obesity Rates According to Status of Co-Residence with Their Parents in Korean Adolescents: The Implication of the Gender of Single Parent Living with Adolescents
Nahee Kim, Young Gyu Cho, Jae-Heon Kang, Hyun Ah Park, Kyoungwoo Kim, Yang-Im Hur, Duho Kwon
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2018; 18(4): 177. CrossRef
Ecological factors associated with behavioral problems in vulnerable children
Jina Choo, Hye‐Jin Kim, Melanie T. Turk, Eun‐Kyung Kim, Kyung‐Sook Yang
Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2017; 14(3): 205. CrossRef
Ecological predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among children from low-income families in South Korea
Jiyoung Park, Suyon Baek
Children and Youth Services Review.2017; 81: 238. CrossRef

[English] Low-income Elders' Experiences in Using u-Health (Ubiquitous Healthcare) Services: Han Na Choi, Jeong Eun Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2014;25(4):270-281. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.4.270

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5 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to understand low-income elders' experiences of community-based u-Health services.
METHODS
Qualitative data were collected from 11 participants. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
RESULTS
Three themes and eight sub-themes emerged as a result of analysis. The three main themes were 'recovered confidence and health condition,' 'trial and error in change,' and 'hope.'The eight sub-themes were 'the burden and efforts to overcome it in using bio-signal device,' 'ambivalence due to changing lifestyle,' 'increase of care time, decrease of pressure', 'conflict under environmental constraints,' 'difficulty in prioritizing health management,' 'discouragement in handling new devices,' 'desire not to be a burden to their children-gradual fulfillment of learning needs,' and 'long for broadening coverage range of services.' CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate that low-income elders among the participants have different needs in using u-Health services. Therefore, health professionals need to give personalized education to deal with their conflicts and requirements, especially emotional and environmental support in order for them to successfully accept the u-Health services for self-care.

Citations

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Factors influencing elderly patients’ intention to use digital healthcare services: A cross-sectional correlational study
Yuwon Kim, Myonghwa Park
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(1): 10. CrossRef
Quality of life of older adults with cancer in Korea
Hyunsook Yoon, Yojin Kim, Yeon Ok Lim, Kyoungwon Choi
Social Work in Health Care.2018; 57(7): 526. CrossRef
Acceptability of Service Targets for ICT-Based Healthcare
Eun Min Jeon, Hwa Jeong Seo
Healthcare Informatics Research.2016; 22(4): 333. CrossRef
Health related Lifestyles, Self-efficacy and Health related Quality of Life by the Types of Hypertension Management in Community Health Posts
Myung Soon Kwon, Soon-Ok Yang, Ji-Hye Jang
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(3): 565. CrossRef
Findings from the Survey Responses by Cambodian Doctors and Patients for Telemedicine
Sun-gil Yoo, Dongik Oh, Sedong Min, Wonhan Shin
Journal of Internet Computing and Services.2015; 16(4): 13. CrossRef

[English] Cost-benefit Analysis of Home Visiting Care for Vulnerable Populations with Hypertension: Young Ko, In Sook Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(4):438-450. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.4.438

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10 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study was to investigate the effect of home visiting care service and to evaluate the effect from the cost-benefit perspective.
METHODS
Target participants were enrolled in 2007~2008 for home visiting care and provided with a home visiting nursing service for more than 18 months in J Ward of S City. Of 391 participants, 244 who satisfied the inclusion criteria were used in the final analysis. Cost-benefit analysis was done using the net benefit and benefit/cost ratio.
RESULTS
After providing the home care nursing service, the blood pressure control rate increased from 50.8% to 75.4%. Of the subjects, 39.8% maintained their blood pressure level within the target range. As a whole, the net benefit of home visiting care per person ranged from 434,964.86 to 447,112.43 won and the benefit/cost ratio ranged from 2.82 to 2.84.
CONCLUSION
Home visiting care for vulnerable populations with hypertension was effective in both maintaining blood pressure and reducing blood pressure to the target range. Therefore these results are especially useful for establishing the value of home visiting services for policy makers as well as for prioritizing vulnerable populations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Study on Outcomes of the Utilization of Visiting Nursing Service at the Integrated Visiting Nursing Center in Bucheon-si
Hyun-Kyung Park, Ae Jung Yoo, Ju Young Yoon, Jae Woo Choi
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 127. CrossRef
Types of Perception of Home Visiting Oral Health Care Services for Korean Older Persons: A Q Methodology Study
Sue-Hyang Lee, Soo-Myoung Bae, Bo-Mi Shin, Sun-Jung Shin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 18(1): 214. CrossRef
Nursing Students' Practice Experience on Community Visiting Nursing
Jae-Hyun Ha, Jeong-Hee Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(1): 43. CrossRef
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Occupational Therapy in Center for Dementia Based on Public Data
Seung-Hyun Cho, Kyung-Yoon Kam, Sung-Yoon Bae, Nam-Hoon Cho, Hye-Won Oh, Young-Ae Yang
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational Therapy.2018; 26(2): 99. CrossRef
Comparison of Working Conditions among Non-regular Visiting Nurses in Public Health Centers based on Their Employment Types
Hee Girl Kim, Ryoun-Sook Lee, Soong-Nang Jang, Kwang Byung Kim, Young Ran Chin
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(3): 267. CrossRef
The Study for Improvement of Frailty and Depression in the Health Vulnerable Elderly of Home Visiting Health Care Service
Youngji Kim, Song-Nang Jang
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2016; 20(2): 85. CrossRef
The Cost-Benefit Analysis of the NutriPlus Program in Daejeon Dong-gu Health Center
Hyun Ju Kim, Sung Han Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(4): 717. CrossRef
Estimating need for Home Visiting Nurse from Public Health Centers
Hyun-Ji Bae, Jinhyun Kim
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2015; 12(1): 23. CrossRef
Development of the evaluation tool for the food safety and nutrition management education projects targeting the middle class elderly: Application of the balanced score card and the structure-process-outcome concept
Hyeja Chang, Hyoi Yoo, Harim Chung, Hyesang Lee, Minjune Lee, Kyungeun Lee, Changhee Yoo, Junghwa Choi, Nayoung Lee, Tongkyung Kwak
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(6): 542. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Telemedicine: Videoconferencing for Low-Income Elderly with Hypertension
Hanna Choi, Jeongeun Kim
Telemedicine and e-Health.2014; 20(12): 1156. CrossRef

[English] The Effect of Health Promotion Program in Vulnerable Women with Osteoarthritis: Myung Suk Lee, Hyun JA Lim, Jung Suk Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(3):241-251. Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.3.241

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study was to develop and evaluate a health promotion program for women with osteoarthritis.
METHODS
The research adopted the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 34 in the experimental group and 34 in the control group sampled among vulnerable women aged over 40. The independent variable was the health promotion program, and the dependent variables were perceived health status, balance, K-WOMAC, depression, life satisfaction and health promoting behavior. The health promotion program was performed for 50minutes each session, twice a week and for 8 weeks. Data were collected from July 1 to September 11, 2010.
RESULTS
The experimental group showed significant differences in perceived health status, balance, WOMAC pain, WOMAC difficulty of performing activity, depression, and health promoting behavior compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in WOMAC stiffness, waist, weight, and life-satisfaction.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that the health promotion program can be applied in degenerative arthritis education to improve self-care.

Citations

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Effects of a Fall Prevention Program Based on Goal Attainment Theory for Homebound Older Adults With Osteoarthritis of the Lower Extremities
Chunhee Lee, Heeok Park
Orthopaedic Nursing.2022; 41(6): 414. CrossRef
Bus Workers’ Experiences with and Perceptions of a Health Promotion Program: A Qualitative Study Using a Focus Group Discussion
Jeehee Pyo, Mina Lee, Minsu Ock, Gwiok Park, Dongseok Yang, Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(6): 1992. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of a Joint Health Self-management Program for the Elderly with Knee Osteoarthritis in Communities: Applying the IMB Model
Young-il Kim, Jeong Sook Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2017; 28(1): 55. CrossRef

[English] A Survey on the Characteristics of Vulnerable Families in a City: Kyung Won Choi, In Sook Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2009;20(3):371-380. Published online September 30, 2009

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study aimed at describing the characteristics and nursing needs of vulnerable families in a City.
METHODS
A total of 427 vulnerable families enrolled in the Visiting Health Care Center in K-gu of S city were investigated in this study. Data were collected using questionnaires for one year from Jan to Dec, 2003, and analysed using mean, standard deviation and chi2.
RESULTS
Most of the vulnerable families investigated here showed many deficits, especially incomplete family structure (62.8%), financial problem (84.0%), lack of support (55.8%) were prevalent. The score of level of economic status in Family Capability for Self management (1.95 +/- 0.65) was lowest, and the score of perception of family problem and health of family members (2.62 +/- 0.78) was highest. The four family groups divided according to the total score of family management capability showed significant differences in family interaction, support, and coping domain. The total score of family management capability increased as family functioning-related problems decreased in the vulnerable families.
CONCLUSION
In order to find vulnerable families, and improve their family function, it is required to develop the systematic assesment tools, community supportive systems and nursing interventions for family strength.

[English] Factors Affecting the Self-Rated Health of Vulnerable Elderly: Young Ko, In Sook Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2009;20(1):31-40. Published online March 31, 2009

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to investigate the factors affecting the self-rated health of vulnerable elderly in community.
METHODS
The subjects were 2,328 elderly over 65 years who were enrolled in the Visiting Health Care Center in J-gu of S-city from Apr. 2007 to Sep. 2008. Data were collected using questionnaires including general characteristics, health related behavior and health status by nurse at the time of enrollment. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, test and multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS
47.2% of the male subjects and 57.2% of the female subjects rated their health "poor". Gender differences were observed in the factors affecting on Self-Rated Health. ADL, depression and the number of diseases played a major role for men, whereas depression, IADL, the number of diseases, ADL, regular exercise and education played a major role for women. These factors explained 17~29% of variance in Self-Rated Health.
CONCLUSION
Gender-specific programs for vulnerable elderly may be developed based on this study. Both physical and psychological functions need to be integrated into the programs to improve self-rated health of vulnerable elderly.

[English] The Factors Influencing on Health Promotion Behavior in Low-Income Vulnerable Elementary Students: Hee Sang Yoon, Young Ran Han; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008;19(2):167-176. Published online June 30, 2008

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The goal of this study was to find out factors influencing the health promotion behavior of low-income vulnerable 4th, 5th and 6th-grade elementary school students. The specific goals were: first, to find out difference in health knowledge, self-esteem and health promotion behavior according to general characteristics; second, to investigate the correlations among health knowledge, self-esteem and health promotion; and, third, to analyze factors influencing health promotion behavior.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 137 low-income vulnerable 4th, 5th and 6th-grade elementary school children who were participating after-school programs in Seoul.
RESULTS
Statistically significant differences were observed in health knowledge, self-esteem and health promotion behavior between girls and boys. In the sub categories, differences were observed in personal hygiene and health responsibility, stress management and personal relationship. The correlation of health promotion behavior with self-esteem and health knowledge was statistically significant. Regression analysis revealed that the influencing factor is self-esteem with the other variables under control.
CONCLUSION
Health promotion education requires low-income vulnerable elementary children to increase their self-esteem. We recommend that it should be one of the most effective ways to split boys and girls to educate them in disparate classrooms.

[English] Evaluation of Community Health Center for Vulnerable Population in Urban Areas: Kyung Min Park, Chung Nam Kim, Hyo Jung Koh, Yeong Sook Park, Jung Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(2):266-275. Published online June 30, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate achievements of a community health center for vulnerable population in urban areas and to find out its strength and weakness.
METHOD
This evaluative study employed system theories and analytic techniques.
RESULTS
The purpose of improving vulnerable population's health-related self-care abilities adequately met the operation of programs. This center maintained close connection to a nursing college as a information resource. The subjects' satisfaction was high because team members who visited them were faithful and there were face-to-face contact, sufficient time set, closeness and resourcefulness. There were needs for regular meetings to discuss overall matters in organizing the program and to improve management skills. The mean score of health promotion lifestyle was 2.23 on a 4 point scale. This score indicates what in higher than vulnerable people in other communities.
CONCLUSIONS
Community-based nursing centers for vulnerable population in urban areas should be developed as support organizations and community network.

[English] A Study on Depression, Sleep and Fatigue in Younger and Older Elders: Yeon Hee Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(2):223-231. Published online June 30, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to compare differences in and correlation among depression, sleep and fatigue between younger and older elders.
METHOD
A total of 370 subjects aged between 65 and 88 were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire from March to December, 2005.
RESULTS
Younger elders showed lower levels of depression and fatigue than older ones. The level of sleep satisfaction was higher in older elders than in younger ones. In both groups, fatigue was positively correlated to depression, and depression and fatigue were negatively correlated to sleep satisfaction. In addition, fatigue was affected by depression, the number of persons in household and sleep satisfaction.
CONCLUSION
Older elders showed more serious health problems than younger ones. It is necessary to develop comprehensive intervention programs in order to promote healthy lifestyle for older elders.

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