Table 1Baseline Characteristics according to Service Type (N=4,922)
Characteristics |
Categories |
Home care |
Institutional care |
p
|
n (%) or M±SD |
n (%) or M±SD |
Grade |
Grade-1 |
894 (25.6) |
410 (28.7) |
.025 |
Grade-2 |
2,600 (74.4) |
1,018 (71.3) |
Gender |
Male |
1,672 (47.9) |
482 (33.8) |
<.001 |
Female |
1,822 (52.1) |
946 (66.2) |
Age (year) |
65~69 |
1,351 (38.7) |
391 (27.4) |
<.001 |
70~74 |
755 (21.6) |
239 (16.7) |
75~79 |
641 (18.3) |
326 (22.8) |
80~84 |
449 (12.9) |
279 (19.5) |
≥85 |
298 (8.5) |
193 (13.5) |
|
71.41±10.01 |
74.37±9.78 |
<.001 |
Care-giver |
Yes |
3,154 (90.3) |
500 (35.0) |
<.001 |
No |
340 (9.7) |
928 (65.0) |
Insurance type |
Medicaid |
398 (11.4) |
294 (20.6) |
<.001 |
NHI |
3,096 (88.6) |
1,134 (79.4) |
Dementia |
No |
2,633 (75.4) |
893 (62.5) |
<.001 |
Yes |
861 (24.6) |
535 (37.5) |
Disease number |
|
1.68±1.21 |
1.63±1.17 |
.600 |
Care need |
0 |
2,919 (83.5) |
1,073 (75.1) |
<.001 |
1 |
465 (13.3) |
240 (16.8) |
≥2 |
110 (3.1) |
115 (8.1) |
|
0.21±0.58 |
0.37±0.78 |
<.001 |
Cognitive function |
|
5.77±2.55 |
6.01±2.54 |
.255 |
Rehabilitation function |
|
16.88±3.89 |
16.07±3.98 |
.703 |
Table 2Profiles of Activities of Daily Living according to Service Type (N=4,922)
Variables |
Service type |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
Time |
Group |
Time×group |
M±SD |
M±SD |
M±SD |
p
|
p
|
p
|
ADL |
Home care |
30.90±3.75 |
28.17±4.95 |
28.02±5.69 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
31.69±4.11 |
29.89±5.16 |
30.00±5.74 |
Dressing |
Home care |
2.77±0.42 |
2.65±0.49 |
2.62±0.49 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.75±0.43 |
2.65±0.49 |
2.67±0.48 |
Washing face |
Home care |
2.32±0.48 |
2.13±0.45 |
2.10±0.46 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.27±0.46 |
2.12±0.40 |
2.12±0.42 |
Gargling |
Home care |
2.35±0.48 |
2.17±0.45 |
2.15±0.45 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.32±0.48 |
2.17±0.42 |
2.18±0.44 |
Bathing |
Home care |
2.91±0.28 |
2.78±0.41 |
2.73±0.44 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.90±0.29 |
2.81±0.39 |
2.77±0.42 |
Eating |
Home care |
1.93±0.66 |
1.63±0.64 |
1.61±0.68 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
1.83±0.71 |
1.54±0.61 |
1.56±0.67 |
Transfer |
Home care |
1.88±0.72 |
1.64±0.69 |
1.65±0.72 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
1.84±0.75 |
1.72±0.73 |
1.75±0.77 |
Sit up |
Home care |
2.35±0.75 |
1.97±0.82 |
1.95±0.83 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.29±0.78 |
2.08±0.85 |
2.10±0.87 |
Sitting move |
Home care |
2.39±0.77 |
2.09±0.85 |
2.09±0.87 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.50±0.74 |
2.36±0.81 |
2.38±0.83 |
Emerging out of the room |
Home care |
2.76±0.52 |
2.53±0.66 |
2.50±0.68 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.77±0.54 |
2.61±0.68 |
2.62±0.67 |
Toileting |
Home care |
2.74±0.44 |
2.55±0.55 |
2.53±0.55 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.83±0.37 |
2.73±0.47 |
2.71±0.50 |
Bowel control |
Home care |
1.72±0.82 |
1.57±0.77 |
1.63±0.81 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.16±0.87 |
2.07±0.86 |
2.11±0.88 |
Bladder control |
Home care |
1.86±0.80 |
1.65±0.76 |
1.73±0.80 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.29±0.78 |
2.21±0.79 |
2.24±0.81 |
Shampoo |
Home care |
2.92±0.28 |
2.79±0.42 |
2.74±0.44 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
<.001 |
Institutional care |
2.94±0.29 |
2.82±0.39 |
2.79±0.42 |
Table 3Maintenance, Improvement and Worsening of Outcomes over Time according to Service Type (N=4,922)
Variables |
Outcome |
Home care |
Institutional care |
p
|
n (%) |
n (%) |
ADL |
Maintenance & improved |
2,553 (73.1) |
926 (64.8) |
<.001 |
Worsened |
941 (26.9) |
502 (35.2) |
Dressing |
Maintenance & improved |
3,176 (90.9) |
1,268 (88.8) |
.026 |
Worsened |
318 (9.1) |
160 (11.2) |
Washing face |
Maintenance & improved |
3,238 (92.7) |
1,297 (90.8) |
.031 |
Worsened |
256 (7.3) |
131 (9.2) |
Gargling |
Maintenance & improved |
3,235 (92.6) |
1,271 (89.0) |
<.001 |
Worsened |
259 (7.4) |
157 (11.0) |
Bathing |
Maintenance & improved |
3,349 (95.9) |
1,357 (95.0) |
.220 |
Worsened |
145 (4.1) |
71 (5.0) |
Eating |
Maintenance & improved |
3,080 (88.2) |
1,187 (83.1) |
<.001 |
Worsened |
414 (11.8) |
241 (16.9) |
Transfer |
Maintenance & improved |
3,003 (85.9) |
1,160 (81.2) |
<.001 |
Worsened |
491 (14.1) |
268 (18.8) |
Sit up |
Maintenance & improved |
3,055 (87.4) |
1,198 (83.9) |
.001 |
Worsened |
439 (12.6) |
230 (16.1) |
Sitting move |
Maintenance & improved |
3,049 (87.3) |
1,217 (85.2) |
.058 |
Worsened |
445 (12.7) |
211 (14.8) |
Emerging out of |
Maintenance & improved |
3,251 (93.0) |
1,330 (93.1) |
.951 |
Worsened |
243 (7.0) |
98 (6.9) |
Toileting |
Maintenance & improved |
3,218 (92.1) |
1,325 (92.8) |
.444 |
Worsened |
276 (7.9) |
103 (7.2) |
Bowel control |
Maintenance & improved |
2,864 (82.0) |
1,118 (78.3) |
.003 |
Worsened |
630 (18.0) |
310 (21.7) |
Bladder control |
Maintenance & improved |
2,882 (82.5) |
1,109 (77.7) |
<.001 |
Worsened |
612 (17.5) |
319 (22.3) |
Shampoo |
Maintenance & improved |
3,368 (96.4) |
1,377 (96.4) |
.514 |
Worsened |
126 (3.6) |
51 (3.6) |
Table 4Multiple Logistic Regression to Predict Change of Activities of Daily Living by 2009~2010 (N=4,922)
Variables |
Comparative group |
Reference group |
ADL worsened (ref. Improved) Adj or (95 CI) |
p
|
Odd ratios |
95% CI |
Type |
Institutional care |
Home care |
1.68 |
1.42 |
1.99 |
<.001 |
Grade |
Grade-2 |
Grade-1 |
3.54 |
2.93 |
4.27 |
<.001 |
Gender |
Female |
Male |
1.04 |
0.91 |
1.19 |
.596 |
Age (year) |
70~74 |
65~69 |
0.97 |
0.81 |
1.17 |
.767 |
75~79 |
65~69 |
1.07 |
0.89 |
1.29 |
.480 |
80~84 |
65~69 |
1.19 |
0.97 |
1.46 |
.095 |
≥85 |
65~69 |
1.41 |
1.12 |
1.77 |
.003 |
Care-giver |
No |
Yes |
1.36 |
1.14 |
1.63 |
<.001 |
Insurance |
Medicaid |
NHI |
0.98 |
0.82 |
1.19 |
.868 |
Dementia |
Yes |
No |
1.27 |
1.10 |
1.47 |
.002 |
Nursing need score at baseline |
1.09 |
0.97 |
1.22 |
.141 |
Cognitive function score at baseline |
0.99 |
0.96 |
1.02 |
.361 |
Rehabilitation function score at baseline |
0.98 |
0.96 |
0.99 |
.006 |