Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

RCPHN : Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 27(3); 2016 > Article
Original Article
Development and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Education Materials for Middle-aged Korean-Chinese Female Workers: Applying Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P)
Hyeonkyeong Lee, Junghee Kim, Ri Yoo, Ja-yin Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(3):284-298.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.284
Published online: September 30, 2016

1College of Nursing · Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

2Graduate School of Nursing · Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

• Received: June 2, 2016   • Revised: September 21, 2016   • Accepted: September 24, 2016

© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev
  • 1,804 Views
  • 20 Download
  • 6 Crossref
  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the quality (understandability and actionability) of health education materials for Korean-Chinese (KC) female migrant workers, using Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P).
  • Methods
    Educational needs assessment was conducted with 3 focus groups with 20 KC women and a focus group with 4 community stakeholders. The quality of the educational materials was evaluated by 3 experts and a community stakeholder, followed by a survey with 15 KC women using 17 items for understandability and 7 items for actionability by means of a Korean version PEMAT-P.
  • Results
    The health educational calendar consists of 12 subjects out of 9 topics related to healthy lifestyles for preventing cardiovascular diseases. The overall mean understandability score was 98.8% and the overall mean actionability was 100%.
  • Conclusion
    Involvement of KC women and community stakeholders in the development of educational materials was found to be an effective strategy for increasing understandability and actionability of educational materials for KC female migrant workers. This study also demonstrates the PEMAT-P is a useful evaluation tool, emphasizing the actionability of educational materials.
Figure 1

Research process.

jkachn-27-284-g001.jpg
Figure 2

Examples of education materials.

jkachn-27-284-g002.jpg
Table 1

Characteristics of Korean-Chinese Women in the Study

Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD
Focus group interviews (N=20) Age (year) 56.4±6.18
Marriage Married 19 (95.0)
Other 1 (5.0)
Living with family Yes 8 (40.0)
No 12 (60.0)
Spouse's nationality China 19 (95.0)
Education Elementary school 2 (10.0)
Middle school 4 (20.0)
High school 13 (65.0)
≥College 1 (5.0)
Job Restaurant worker 3 (15.0)
Domestic worker 14 (70.0)
Office worker 1 (5.0)
Factory worker 1 (5.0)
Cleaner 1 (5.0)
Work duration (month) 82.4±58.00
Duration of residence in Korea (month) 107.7±67.81
Religion Christian 19 (95.0)
None 1 (5.0)
Understandability & actionability (N=15) Age (year) 58.3±4.13
Marriage Married 13 (86.7)
Divorced 1 (6.7)
Living with family Yes 8 (53.3)
No 6 (40.0)
Spouse's nationality China 13 (86.7)
Korea 1 (6.7)
Education Middle school 4 (26.7)
High school 9 (60.0)
≥College 2 (13.3)
Job Domestic worker 12 (80.0)
Office worker 1 (6.7)
Cleaner 1 (6.7)
Service 1 (6.7)
Work duration (month) 92.1±58.34
Duration of residence in Korea (month) 140.1±52.67
Religion Christian 12 (80.0)
None 3 (20.0)

Percentages do not add up to 100 because of missing data.

Table 2

Understandability & Actionability of Educational Materials Perceived by Korean-Chinese Women Participants (N=15)

Item# Item Agreement (n)
Understandability Topic: Content
1 The material makes its purpose completely evident. 15
2 The material does not include information or content that distracts from its purpose. 14
Topic: Word choice & style
3 The material uses common, everyday language. 15
4 Medical terms are used only to familiarize audience with the terms. When used, medical terms are defined. 14
5 The material uses the active voice. 15
Topic: Use of numbers
6 Numbers appearing in the material are clear and easy to understand. 15
7 The material does not expect the user to perform calculations. 14
Topic: Organization
8 The material breaks or “chunks” information into short sections. 15
9 The material’s sections have informative headers. 15
10 The material presents information in a logical sequence. 15
11 The material provides a summary. 15
Topic: Layout & design
12 The material uses visual cues (e.g., arrows, boxes, bullets, bold, larger font, highlighting) to draw attention to key points. 15
Topic: Use of visual aids
15 The material uses visual aids whenever they could make content more easily understood 15
(e.g., illustration of healthy portion size). 15
16 The material’s visual aids reinforce rather than distract from the content. 15
17 The material’s visual aids have clear titles or captions. 15
18 The material uses illustrations and photographs that are clear and uncluttered. 15
19 The material uses simple tables with short and clear row and column headings.
Understandability score (%): 98.8
Actionability 20 The material clearly identifies at least one action the user can take. 15
21 The material addresses the user directly when describing actions. 15
22 The material breaks down any action into manageable, explicit steps. 15
23 The material provides a tangible tool (e.g., menu planners, checklists) whenever it could help the user take action. 15
24 The material provides simple instructions or examples of how to perform calculations. 15
25 The material explains how to use the charts, graphs, tables, or diagrams to take actions. 15
26 The material uses visual aids whenever they could make it easier to act on the instructions. 15
Actionability score (%): 100
Table 3

Development of Educational Materials

Topic Subjects Major contents Example statements for actionability
Diet - Low-salt diet to investigate daily intake of sodium; to provide cautionary information before eating; to suggest sodium amount in each food consumed frequently. “Check sodium amount indicated in nutritional labeling when buying foods.” “Eat less foods containing high amount of sodium.” “Season food with soy sauce rather than salt.”
- Sodium levels in each food
- Limit high-fat foods to suggest ways to reduce high fat when cooking foods; to suggest fat amount and calorie of foods easily consumed. “Change the cooking method from frying to steaming, roasting and boiling.” “Trim any fat from the meat and pork, and use only lean meat.” “Remove fat several times when cooking bone soup, beef soup and others.”
- Cholesterol level in foods (per 100g)
Smoking - Protecting oneself from second-hand smoking to explain the danger of second-hand smoking and to suggest time period of exposing to second-hand smoking and effects of smoking by picture. “If you are exposed to smoking even if you are non-smoker, it can result in respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and early death.”
- Amount of second-hand smoking in non-smokers
Drinking alcohol - To keep healthy drinking habits to suggest healthy drinking habits and appropriate drinking amount according to gender; to suggest alcohol amount measured by standard glass for various kinds of alcoholic beverages. “Do not exceed the recommended amount of alcohol.” “Drink alcohol slowly with water.” “Drink with several intervals.”
- Alcohol amount measured by standard glass
Exercise - Exercise over 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week to suggest appropriate frequency and time of exercise and ways to increase physical activities in daily life. “Take for a walk pushing a stroller in the park and around home.” “Stretch when time allows from work.” “Use stairs rather than elevator.”
- Increasing physical activity in daily life
- Self-awareness regarding strength levels of each aerobic physical activity
Weight control - Maintaining appropriate weight to suggest importance of maintaining appropriate weight and standard of abdominal obesity; to suggest ways to prevent obesity. “Increase physical activities.” “Reduce sedentary time.”
- Standard of abdominal obesity
- Prevention of obesity
Stress management - Reducing stress level to suggest ways to reduce stress in daily life and have positive attitudes. “Maintain healthy rhythm of life such as hobby, entertainment and others.” “Get proper sleep.” “Write thank you letter.” “Write past experience of success.”
- Keeping positive attitudes
Chronic disease management - Regular heath checkup to explain the importance of regular health checkups; to suggest normal and abnormal levels of blood pressure and glucose. “You must know your blood pressure, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels through regular health checkups.”
- Classification of blood pressure
- Classification of blood glucose
- Management of chronic diseases to suggest the importance and ways of chronic disease management; to provide a list of clinics for migrants. “Medication for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia should follow by doctor’s prescription, and it should be never changed or stopped without permission.”
- Free clinics for migrants
Presymptoms of cardiovascular diseases - Knowing presymptoms of cardiovascular diseases to suggest the types of presymptoms of cardiovascular diseases and behaviors when they appear. “If you are treated at hospital immediately when there are presymptoms that appear shortly in body and disappear, damage caused by disease could be reduced.“
Heart checklist - Checklist to confirm one’s health condition by checking the heart checklist. “What is your blood pressure?” “How often do you exercise?” “How salty is your food?”
- Results
Stretching - To do stretching to suggest ways of stretching by pictures. “Raise your arms over head and stretch them side to side.”

This article was funded by a grant from the Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute Yonsei University.

  • 1. Ministry of the Interior. 2015 Foreign residents survey results [Internet] Seoul: Ministry of the Interior; 2015;cited 2016 January 08. Available from: http://www.mogaha.go.kr/frt/bbs/type001/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000014&nttId=46327
  • 2. Korean Immigration Service. 2015 Korean immigration service yearly statistics [Internet] Gyeonggi Korean Immigration Service; 2016;cited 2016 September 13. http://www.immigration.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_003/ListShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0096&strWrtNo=129&strAnsNo=A&strOrgGbnCd=104000&strRtnURL=IMM_6050&strAllOrgYn=N&strThisPage=1&strFilePath=imm/http://www.immigration.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_003/ListShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0096&strWrtNo=129&strAnsNo=A&strOrgGbnCd=104000&strRtnURL=IMM_6050&strAllOrgYn=N&strThisPage=1&strFilePath=imm/
  • 3. Lee H, Chae DH, Lee KE, Lee MH. Experiences of middle-aged Korean-Chinese female migrant workers in Korea: With focus on risk factors in work-related musculoskeletal diseases. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013;24(2):185–194.Article
  • 4. Chung KS, Kim SH, Ko JY, Lee KY, Lee HK, Lee CW, et al. 2013 Survey on living conditions of foreign workers. 2013 Ministry of Justice Service Report. Gyeonggi-do: Korea Immigration Service · Ministry of Justice; 2013. 12;Report No.: 11-1270000-000802-01.
  • 5. Lee H, Cho SH, Kim YK, Kim JH. Is there disparity in cardiovascular health between migrant workers and native workers? Workplace Health Saf. 2016;64(8):350–358.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 6. Lee SJ, Chung CW. Comparisons of health conditions of immigrant and domestic women in Korea and China using propensity score matching. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(11):989–1004.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Sim KH. Tips for creating effective health education materials. J Korean Diabetes. 2011;12(2):99–103.Article
  • 8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Quick guide to health literacy [Internet] Maryland, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 2010;cited 2016 March 14. Available from: http://health.gov/communication/literacy/quickguide/Quickguide.pdf
  • 9. Brega AG, Freedman MA, LeBlanc WG, Barnard J, Mabachi NM, Cifuentes M, et al. Using the health literacy universal precautions toolkit to improve the quality of patient materials. J Health Commun. 2015;20:sup2. 69–76.ArticlePMC
  • 10. Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. Development of the patient education materials assessment tool (PEMAT): A new measure of understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96(3):395–403. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 11. Cajita MI, Rodney T, Xu J, Hladek M, Han HR. Quality and health literacy demand of online heart failure information. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016;ForthcomingArticle
  • 12. Krueger RA, Casey MA. Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. 5th ed. California, CA: Sage Publications; 2014. p. 280.
  • 13. Griffiths J, Maggs H, George E. 'Stakeholder involvement' background paper prepared for the who/wef joint event on preventing noncommunicable diseases in the workplace (Dalian/China, September 2007). WHO Report. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: 2008.
  • 14. Delbecq AL, Van de Ven AH, Gustafson DH. Group techniques for program planning: A guide to nominal group and delphi processes. 1st ed. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman; 1975. p. 174.
  • 15. Brunette MJ. Development of educational and training materials on safety and health. targeting hispanic workers in the construction industry. Fam Community Health. 2005;28(3):253–266. PubMed
  • 16. Yang SJ, Chee YK, An J, Park MH, Jung S. Health literacy and its associated factors in Korean-Chinese and other Asian immigrant women in Korea. J Korean Public Health Nurs. 2014;28(2):211–227.Article
  • 17. Shoemaker SJ, Wolf MS, Brach C. The patient education materials assessment tool (PEMAT) and User's guide [Internet] USA: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013;cited 2016 March 16. Available from: http://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/publications/files/pemat_guide.pdf
  • 18. Behling O, Law KS. Translating questionnaires and other research instruments: Problems and solutions. Vol. 133. Thousand Oaks, California, London: Sage Publications; 2000. p. 80.
  • 19. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res. 1986;35(6):382–385. ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–1288.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 21. Zellmer C, Zimdars P, Parker S, Safdar N. How well do patient education materials for clostridium difficile infection score? A systematic evaluation. Int J Infect Control. 2015;11(2):1–4.ArticlePDF
  • 22. Peters GJ. A practical guide to effective behavior change: How to identify what to change in the first place. Eur Health Psychol. 2014;16(5):142–155. Article
  • 23. Pearson TA, Palaniappan LP, Artinian NT, Carnethon MR, Criqui MH, Daniels SR, et al. American heart association guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level, 2013 update: A scientific statement for public health practitioners, healthcare providers, and health policy makers. Circulation. 2013;127(16):1730–1753.ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Griffiths C, Motlib J, Azad A, Ramsay J, Eldridge S, Feder G, et al. Randomised controlled trial of a lay-led self-management programme for Bangladeshi patients with chronic disease. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55(520):831–837. PubMedPMC
  • 25. Joseph RP, Keller C, Adams MA, Ainsworth BE. Print versus a culturally-relevant facebook and text message delivered intervention to promote physical activity in African American women: A randomized pilot trial. BMC Womens Health. 2015;15:30.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 26. De Jesus-Rivas M, Conlon HA, Burns C. The impact of language and culture diversity in occupational safety. Workplace Health Saf. 2016;64(1):24–27.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 27. Basch CE. Focus group interview: An underutilized research technique for improving theory and practice in health education. Health Educ Q. 1987;14(4):411–448. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 28. Kandula NR, Khurana NR, Makoul G, Glass S, Baker DW. A community and culture-centered approach to developing effective cardiovascular health messages. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(10):1308–1316.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 29. Henderson S, Kendall E, See L. The effectiveness of culturally appropriate interventions to manage or prevent chronic disease in culturally and linguistically diverse communities: A systematic literature review. Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19(3):225–249.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Effect of a pragmatic lifestyle modification intervention on physical activity levels and body mass index among obese and overweight adolescents in Udupi, India: a cluster randomized trial
      prateek srivastav, Vaishali K, H Vinod Bhat, Suzanne Broadbent
      F1000Research.2024; 13: 859.     CrossRef
    • The Moderating Effect of Mental Health on the Relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease Awareness and Health Behaviors of Middle-Aged Korean Chinese Workers With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korea
      Yu Zhu Zhang, Seon Young Hwang
      Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2023; 34(2): 131.     CrossRef
    • The Chinese Version of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials: Translation, Adaptation, and Validation Study
      Yi Shan, Meng Ji, Zhaogang Dong, Zhaoquan Xing, Ding Wang, Xiangting Cao
      Journal of Medical Internet Research.2023; 25: e39808.     CrossRef
    • Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT)
      Emi Furukawa, Tsuyoshi Okuhara, Hiroko Okada, Ritsuko Shirabe, Rie Yokota, Reina Iye, Takahiro Kiuchi
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(23): 15763.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of the Heart Failure in Internet Patient Information: Descriptive Survey Study
      Kyoung Suk Lee, Yoo Mi Cho, Sung Hee Oh, Mi Sook Jung, Ju Young Yoon
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(3): 1047.     CrossRef
    • Development of a Living Lab for a Mobile-Based Health Program for Korean-Chinese Working Women in South Korea: Mixed Methods Study
      Youlim Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Mi Kyung Lee, Hyeyeon Lee, Hyoeun Jang
      JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2020; 8(1): e15359.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    • 0
    • 1
    We recommend
    Development and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Education Materials for Middle-aged Korean-Chinese Female Workers: Applying Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P)
    Image Image
    Figure 1 Research process.
    Figure 2 Examples of education materials.
    Development and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Education Materials for Middle-aged Korean-Chinese Female Workers: Applying Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P)
    Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD
    Focus group interviews (N=20) Age (year) 56.4±6.18
    Marriage Married 19 (95.0)
    Other 1 (5.0)
    Living with family Yes 8 (40.0)
    No 12 (60.0)
    Spouse's nationality China 19 (95.0)
    Education Elementary school 2 (10.0)
    Middle school 4 (20.0)
    High school 13 (65.0)
    ≥College 1 (5.0)
    Job Restaurant worker 3 (15.0)
    Domestic worker 14 (70.0)
    Office worker 1 (5.0)
    Factory worker 1 (5.0)
    Cleaner 1 (5.0)
    Work duration (month) 82.4±58.00
    Duration of residence in Korea (month) 107.7±67.81
    Religion Christian 19 (95.0)
    None 1 (5.0)
    Understandability & actionability (N=15) Age (year) 58.3±4.13
    Marriage Married 13 (86.7)
    Divorced 1 (6.7)
    Living with family Yes 8 (53.3)
    No 6 (40.0)
    Spouse's nationality China 13 (86.7)
    Korea 1 (6.7)
    Education Middle school 4 (26.7)
    High school 9 (60.0)
    ≥College 2 (13.3)
    Job Domestic worker 12 (80.0)
    Office worker 1 (6.7)
    Cleaner 1 (6.7)
    Service 1 (6.7)
    Work duration (month) 92.1±58.34
    Duration of residence in Korea (month) 140.1±52.67
    Religion Christian 12 (80.0)
    None 3 (20.0)
    Item# Item Agreement (n)
    Understandability Topic: Content
    1 The material makes its purpose completely evident. 15
    2 The material does not include information or content that distracts from its purpose. 14
    Topic: Word choice & style
    3 The material uses common, everyday language. 15
    4 Medical terms are used only to familiarize audience with the terms. When used, medical terms are defined. 14
    5 The material uses the active voice. 15
    Topic: Use of numbers
    6 Numbers appearing in the material are clear and easy to understand. 15
    7 The material does not expect the user to perform calculations. 14
    Topic: Organization
    8 The material breaks or “chunks” information into short sections. 15
    9 The material’s sections have informative headers. 15
    10 The material presents information in a logical sequence. 15
    11 The material provides a summary. 15
    Topic: Layout & design
    12 The material uses visual cues (e.g., arrows, boxes, bullets, bold, larger font, highlighting) to draw attention to key points. 15
    Topic: Use of visual aids
    15 The material uses visual aids whenever they could make content more easily understood 15
    (e.g., illustration of healthy portion size). 15
    16 The material’s visual aids reinforce rather than distract from the content. 15
    17 The material’s visual aids have clear titles or captions. 15
    18 The material uses illustrations and photographs that are clear and uncluttered. 15
    19 The material uses simple tables with short and clear row and column headings.
    Understandability score (%): 98.8
    Actionability 20 The material clearly identifies at least one action the user can take. 15
    21 The material addresses the user directly when describing actions. 15
    22 The material breaks down any action into manageable, explicit steps. 15
    23 The material provides a tangible tool (e.g., menu planners, checklists) whenever it could help the user take action. 15
    24 The material provides simple instructions or examples of how to perform calculations. 15
    25 The material explains how to use the charts, graphs, tables, or diagrams to take actions. 15
    26 The material uses visual aids whenever they could make it easier to act on the instructions. 15
    Actionability score (%): 100
    Topic Subjects Major contents Example statements for actionability
    Diet - Low-salt diet to investigate daily intake of sodium; to provide cautionary information before eating; to suggest sodium amount in each food consumed frequently. “Check sodium amount indicated in nutritional labeling when buying foods.” “Eat less foods containing high amount of sodium.” “Season food with soy sauce rather than salt.”
    - Sodium levels in each food
    - Limit high-fat foods to suggest ways to reduce high fat when cooking foods; to suggest fat amount and calorie of foods easily consumed. “Change the cooking method from frying to steaming, roasting and boiling.” “Trim any fat from the meat and pork, and use only lean meat.” “Remove fat several times when cooking bone soup, beef soup and others.”
    - Cholesterol level in foods (per 100g)
    Smoking - Protecting oneself from second-hand smoking to explain the danger of second-hand smoking and to suggest time period of exposing to second-hand smoking and effects of smoking by picture. “If you are exposed to smoking even if you are non-smoker, it can result in respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and early death.”
    - Amount of second-hand smoking in non-smokers
    Drinking alcohol - To keep healthy drinking habits to suggest healthy drinking habits and appropriate drinking amount according to gender; to suggest alcohol amount measured by standard glass for various kinds of alcoholic beverages. “Do not exceed the recommended amount of alcohol.” “Drink alcohol slowly with water.” “Drink with several intervals.”
    - Alcohol amount measured by standard glass
    Exercise - Exercise over 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week to suggest appropriate frequency and time of exercise and ways to increase physical activities in daily life. “Take for a walk pushing a stroller in the park and around home.” “Stretch when time allows from work.” “Use stairs rather than elevator.”
    - Increasing physical activity in daily life
    - Self-awareness regarding strength levels of each aerobic physical activity
    Weight control - Maintaining appropriate weight to suggest importance of maintaining appropriate weight and standard of abdominal obesity; to suggest ways to prevent obesity. “Increase physical activities.” “Reduce sedentary time.”
    - Standard of abdominal obesity
    - Prevention of obesity
    Stress management - Reducing stress level to suggest ways to reduce stress in daily life and have positive attitudes. “Maintain healthy rhythm of life such as hobby, entertainment and others.” “Get proper sleep.” “Write thank you letter.” “Write past experience of success.”
    - Keeping positive attitudes
    Chronic disease management - Regular heath checkup to explain the importance of regular health checkups; to suggest normal and abnormal levels of blood pressure and glucose. “You must know your blood pressure, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels through regular health checkups.”
    - Classification of blood pressure
    - Classification of blood glucose
    - Management of chronic diseases to suggest the importance and ways of chronic disease management; to provide a list of clinics for migrants. “Medication for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia should follow by doctor’s prescription, and it should be never changed or stopped without permission.”
    - Free clinics for migrants
    Presymptoms of cardiovascular diseases - Knowing presymptoms of cardiovascular diseases to suggest the types of presymptoms of cardiovascular diseases and behaviors when they appear. “If you are treated at hospital immediately when there are presymptoms that appear shortly in body and disappear, damage caused by disease could be reduced.“
    Heart checklist - Checklist to confirm one’s health condition by checking the heart checklist. “What is your blood pressure?” “How often do you exercise?” “How salty is your food?”
    - Results
    Stretching - To do stretching to suggest ways of stretching by pictures. “Raise your arms over head and stretch them side to side.”
    Table 1 Characteristics of Korean-Chinese Women in the Study

    Percentages do not add up to 100 because of missing data.

    Table 2 Understandability & Actionability of Educational Materials Perceived by Korean-Chinese Women Participants (N=15)

    Table 3 Development of Educational Materials


    RCPHN : Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
    TOP