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HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 27(2); 2016 > Article
Original Article
The Relationship between Cultural Competency and the Importance of Nurses' Qualities Perceived by Undergraduate Nursing Students
Kyung Sook Choi, Woo Sook Lee, Yeon Suk Park, Myunghee Jun, So Young Lee, Yeonwoo Park, Soo Young Park, Thongpriwan Vipavee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(2):163-172.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.2.163
Published online: June 30, 2016

1Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

2College of Nursing, Taegu Science University, Daegu, Korea.

3Department of Nursing, Kongju National University, Kongju, Korea.

4University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.

5Granduate School, Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

6School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.

• Received: April 9, 2016   • Revised: June 16, 2016   • Accepted: June 17, 2016

© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between cultural competency and the importance of nurses' qualities perceived by undergraduate nursing students.
  • Methods
    Researchers developed two tools for this study after reviewing the related literature and conducting research team workshops: questionnaire of cultural competency and the importance of nurses' qualities. 200 nursing students were recruited in convenient sampling to respond to these questionnaires. Of nurses' 10 qualities, major affecting factors on the cultural competency were identified by stepwise multiple regression analysis.
  • Results
    The nursing students perceived technical nursing skills and professional nursing knowledge as nurses' most important qualities. However, 'having a passion for patient care', 'demonstrating strong nursing profession's code of ethics??and 'teaching and research ability' were found as significant influencing factors on the variance of the cultural competency. These three factors explained 16% of the total variances of the cultural competency (F=13.98, p<.001).
  • Conclusion
    The educational strategies to improve cultural nursing competency need to incorporate students' expectations for the professional nurses' roles. Also, further studies need to develop reliable and valid measurement tools for cultural competency
  • Key Words: Cultural competency; Cultural diversity; Nursing education; Nursing students
Table 1

General Characteristics of the Subjects and Mean Score of Cultural Competency (N=200)

Characteristics n (%) M±SD t or F p Scheffé
Year of the students Freshmen 100 (50.0) 65.63±6.56 3.12 .002
Senior 100 (50.0) 62.69±6.72
Gender Female 177 (87.5) 64.23±.6.45 0.38 .704
Male 23 (11.5) 63.66±9.07
Level of academic performance High (the top 30%) 61 (30.5) 64.05±6.54 0.27 .764
Medium (31%~69%) 124 (62.0) 64.06±6.72
Low (the bottom 30%) 15 (7.5) 65.40±8.48
Reason for entering nursing college Aptitude 42 (21.0) 66.12±7.89 1.77 .136
Desire for professional job 62 (31.0) 64.68±6.13
Job security 53 (26.5) 62.98±5.65
Significant other's recommendation 31 (15.5) 62.71±7.02
Others 12 (6.0) 63.58±8.81
Moment when to choose the nursing as a major Before starting high schoola 31 (15.5) 66.58±8.63 3.82 .005 a>b
b<c
Freshmen year in high schoolb 27 (13.5) 60.30±4.09
Sophomore year in high schoolc 39 (19.5) 65.51±6.57
Junior in high schoold 63 (31.5) 64.08±6.24
After taking National college entrance exame 40 (20.0) 63.70±6.73
Total 200 (100.0) 64.16±6.78
Table 2

Mean score of Cultural Competency by Year of the Students (N=200)

Sub-scale Number of item Range Total (n=200) Freshmen (n=100) Senior (n=100) t p
M±SD M±SD M±SD
Cultural awareness and desire 9 1~5 3.56±0.44 3.64±0.43 3.47±0.43 2.77 .006
Cultural encounter 4 1~5 3.74±0.67 3.89±0.64 3.60±0.68 3.14 .002
Cultural nursing knowledge and skill 5 1~5 3.43±0.47 3.46±0.50 3.41±0.44 0.78 .435
Total score 18 18~90 64.16±6.78 65.63±6.56 62.69±6.72 3.13 .002
Table 3

Correlation among Age, Cultural Competency and the Importance of Nurse's Qualities. (N=200)

Variables Age CC Q01 Q02 Q03 Q04 Q05 Q06 Q07 Q08 Q09 Q10
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Age (year) 1 -.03
(.646)		 -.13
(.058)		 -.23
(.001)		 .014
(.841)		 .08
(.220)		 .02
(.837)		 .12
(.093)		 .08
(.263)		 .04
(.575)		 .04
(.601)		 .12
(.095)
CC 1 .21
(.002)		 .20
(.004)		 .25
(<.001)		 .22
(.002)		 .33
(<.001)		 .23
(.001)		 .30
(<.001)		 .29
(<.001)		 .26
(<.001)		 .24
(.001)
Q01 1 .65
(<.001)		 .17
(.016)		 .17
(.019)		 .20
(.005)		 .11
(.139)		 .16
(.024)		 .19
(.008)		 .20
(.005)		 .14
(.051)
Q02 1 .21
(.003)		 .15
(.033)		 .23
(.001)		 .09
(.194)		 .16
(.028)		 .25
(<.001)		 .30
(<.001)		 .06
(.402)
Q03 1 .49
(<.001)		 .45
(<.001)		 .27
(<.001)		 .30
(<.001)		 .26
(<.001)		 .20
(.004)		 .32
(<.001)
Q04 1 .36
(<.001)		 .49
(<.001)		 .44
(<.001)		 .29
(<.001)		 .19
(.008)		 .36
(<.001)
Q05 1 .28
(<.001)		 .29
(<.001)		 .39
(<.001)		 .22
(.002)		 .19
(.008)
Q06 1 .49
(<.001)		 .25
(<.001)		 .26
(<.001)		 .34
(<.001)
Q07 1 .34
(<.001)		 .30
(<.001)		 .32
(<.001)
Q08 1 .47
(<.001)		 .28
(<.001)
Q09 1 .25
(<.001)
Q10 1

CC=cultural competency; Q01=displaying the technical skills; Q02=having the professional nursing knowledge base; Q03=communication well with patients and family members; Q04=keeping the collaborative relationship with co-workers; Q05=having a passion for the patient care; Q06=maintaining physical health for herself or himself; Q07=demonstrating nursing profession's code of ethics; Q08=contributing to the nursing advancement; Q09=teaching and researching ability; Q10=having a sense of humor.

Table 4

The Mean Sore of the Students' Perceived Importance of Nurse's Qualities (N=200)

Importance of nurse's quality Total Freshmen Senior
Rank M±SD Rank M±SD Rank M±SD
. Displaying the technical skills 1 4.71±0.48 1 4.75±0,46 3 4.67±0.49
. Having the professional nursing knowledge base 2 4.67±0.50 2 4.77±0.69 4 4.57±0.52
. Communicating well with patients and family members 3 4.65±0.50 3 4.60±0.51 1 4.71±0.48
. Keeping the collaborative relationship with co-workers 4 4.59±0.57 4 4.47±0.59 2 4.70±0.52
. Having a passion for the patient care 5 4.55±0.54 5 4.55±0.54 5 4.55±0.54
. Maintaining physical health for herself or himself 6 4.44±0.66 6 4.43±0.69 6 4.45±0.63
. Demonstrating nursing profession's code of ethics 7 4.42±0.67 7 4.43±0.66 7 4.40±0.68
. Contributing to the nursing advancement 8 3.91±0.69 8 3.95±0.67 8 3.88±0.70
. Teaching and researching ability 9 3.63±0.70 9 3.64±0.77 9 3.61±0.63
. Having a sense of humor 10 3.42±0.79 10 3.24±0.84 10 3.60±0.70
Table 5

Major Affecting Factors on Nursing Competency (N=200)

Affecting factors B SE β t p
Q05 3.11 .86 .24 3.61 <.001
Q07 1.85 .71 .18 2.60 .010
Q09 1.48 .66 .15 2.14 .026
R2=.16, F=13.98, p<.001

Q05=having a passion for the patient care; Q07=demonstrating nursing profession's code of ethics; Q09=teaching and researching ability.

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2013R1A1A2011994).

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    The Relationship between Cultural Competency and the Importance of Nurses' Qualities Perceived by Undergraduate Nursing Students
    The Relationship between Cultural Competency and the Importance of Nurses' Qualities Perceived by Undergraduate Nursing Students
    Characteristics n (%) M±SD t or F p Scheffé
    Year of the students Freshmen 100 (50.0) 65.63±6.56 3.12 .002
    Senior 100 (50.0) 62.69±6.72
    Gender Female 177 (87.5) 64.23±.6.45 0.38 .704
    Male 23 (11.5) 63.66±9.07
    Level of academic performance High (the top 30%) 61 (30.5) 64.05±6.54 0.27 .764
    Medium (31%~69%) 124 (62.0) 64.06±6.72
    Low (the bottom 30%) 15 (7.5) 65.40±8.48
    Reason for entering nursing college Aptitude 42 (21.0) 66.12±7.89 1.77 .136
    Desire for professional job 62 (31.0) 64.68±6.13
    Job security 53 (26.5) 62.98±5.65
    Significant other's recommendation 31 (15.5) 62.71±7.02
    Others 12 (6.0) 63.58±8.81
    Moment when to choose the nursing as a major Before starting high schoola 31 (15.5) 66.58±8.63 3.82 .005 a>b
    b<c
    Freshmen year in high schoolb 27 (13.5) 60.30±4.09
    Sophomore year in high schoolc 39 (19.5) 65.51±6.57
    Junior in high schoold 63 (31.5) 64.08±6.24
    After taking National college entrance exame 40 (20.0) 63.70±6.73
    Total 200 (100.0) 64.16±6.78
    Sub-scale Number of item Range Total (n=200) Freshmen (n=100) Senior (n=100) t p
    M±SD M±SD M±SD
    Cultural awareness and desire 9 1~5 3.56±0.44 3.64±0.43 3.47±0.43 2.77 .006
    Cultural encounter 4 1~5 3.74±0.67 3.89±0.64 3.60±0.68 3.14 .002
    Cultural nursing knowledge and skill 5 1~5 3.43±0.47 3.46±0.50 3.41±0.44 0.78 .435
    Total score 18 18~90 64.16±6.78 65.63±6.56 62.69±6.72 3.13 .002
    Variables Age CC Q01 Q02 Q03 Q04 Q05 Q06 Q07 Q08 Q09 Q10
    r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
    Age (year) 1 -.03
    (.646)    		 -.13
    (.058)    		 -.23
    (.001)    		 .014
    (.841)    		 .08
    (.220)    		 .02
    (.837)    		 .12
    (.093)    		 .08
    (.263)    		 .04
    (.575)    		 .04
    (.601)    		 .12
    (.095)
    CC 1 .21
    (.002)    		 .20
    (.004)    		 .25
    (<.001)    		 .22
    (.002)    		 .33
    (<.001)    		 .23
    (.001)    		 .30
    (<.001)    		 .29
    (<.001)    		 .26
    (<.001)    		 .24
    (.001)
    Q01 1 .65
    (<.001)    		 .17
    (.016)    		 .17
    (.019)    		 .20
    (.005)    		 .11
    (.139)    		 .16
    (.024)    		 .19
    (.008)    		 .20
    (.005)    		 .14
    (.051)
    Q02 1 .21
    (.003)    		 .15
    (.033)    		 .23
    (.001)    		 .09
    (.194)    		 .16
    (.028)    		 .25
    (<.001)    		 .30
    (<.001)    		 .06
    (.402)
    Q03 1 .49
    (<.001)    		 .45
    (<.001)    		 .27
    (<.001)    		 .30
    (<.001)    		 .26
    (<.001)    		 .20
    (.004)    		 .32
    (<.001)
    Q04 1 .36
    (<.001)    		 .49
    (<.001)    		 .44
    (<.001)    		 .29
    (<.001)    		 .19
    (.008)    		 .36
    (<.001)
    Q05 1 .28
    (<.001)    		 .29
    (<.001)    		 .39
    (<.001)    		 .22
    (.002)    		 .19
    (.008)
    Q06 1 .49
    (<.001)    		 .25
    (<.001)    		 .26
    (<.001)    		 .34
    (<.001)
    Q07 1 .34
    (<.001)    		 .30
    (<.001)    		 .32
    (<.001)
    Q08 1 .47
    (<.001)    		 .28
    (<.001)
    Q09 1 .25
    (<.001)
    Q10 1
    Importance of nurse's quality Total Freshmen Senior
    Rank M±SD Rank M±SD Rank M±SD
    . Displaying the technical skills 1 4.71±0.48 1 4.75±0,46 3 4.67±0.49
    . Having the professional nursing knowledge base 2 4.67±0.50 2 4.77±0.69 4 4.57±0.52
    . Communicating well with patients and family members 3 4.65±0.50 3 4.60±0.51 1 4.71±0.48
    . Keeping the collaborative relationship with co-workers 4 4.59±0.57 4 4.47±0.59 2 4.70±0.52
    . Having a passion for the patient care 5 4.55±0.54 5 4.55±0.54 5 4.55±0.54
    . Maintaining physical health for herself or himself 6 4.44±0.66 6 4.43±0.69 6 4.45±0.63
    . Demonstrating nursing profession's code of ethics 7 4.42±0.67 7 4.43±0.66 7 4.40±0.68
    . Contributing to the nursing advancement 8 3.91±0.69 8 3.95±0.67 8 3.88±0.70
    . Teaching and researching ability 9 3.63±0.70 9 3.64±0.77 9 3.61±0.63
    . Having a sense of humor 10 3.42±0.79 10 3.24±0.84 10 3.60±0.70
    Affecting factors B SE β t p
    Q05 3.11 .86 .24 3.61 <.001
    Q07 1.85 .71 .18 2.60 .010
    Q09 1.48 .66 .15 2.14 .026
    R2=.16, F=13.98, p<.001
    Table 1 General Characteristics of the Subjects and Mean Score of Cultural Competency (N=200)

    Table 2 Mean score of Cultural Competency by Year of the Students (N=200)

    Table 3 Correlation among Age, Cultural Competency and the Importance of Nurse's Qualities. (N=200)

    CC=cultural competency; Q01=displaying the technical skills; Q02=having the professional nursing knowledge base; Q03=communication well with patients and family members; Q04=keeping the collaborative relationship with co-workers; Q05=having a passion for the patient care; Q06=maintaining physical health for herself or himself; Q07=demonstrating nursing profession's code of ethics; Q08=contributing to the nursing advancement; Q09=teaching and researching ability; Q10=having a sense of humor.

    Table 4 The Mean Sore of the Students' Perceived Importance of Nurse's Qualities (N=200)

    Table 5 Major Affecting Factors on Nursing Competency (N=200)

    Q05=having a passion for the patient care; Q07=demonstrating nursing profession's code of ethics; Q09=teaching and researching ability.

    Table 1

    Table 2

    Table 3

    Table 4

    Table 5

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