HPV Knowledge, HPV Vaccination Intention, and Barriers on HPV Vaccination in Male Undergraduate Students of Health Department and Non-health Department

Jung Ah Choi; Kyoung Ah Kim

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.2.144

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Original Article
HPV Knowledge, HPV Vaccination Intention, and Barriers on HPV Vaccination in Male Undergraduate Students of Health Department and Non-health Department: Jung Ah Choi¹, Kyoung Ah Kim²; Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(2):144-152.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.2.144
Published online: June 12, 2016

¹Seoul Women’s College of Nursing, Seoul, Korea

²Department of Nursing, Woosong University, Daejeon, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Kyoung Ah Department of Nursing, Woosong University, 34606 171 Dongdaejeon-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34606, Korea. Tel: +82-42-630-9297, Fax: +82-42-630-9299, E-mail: kamaria@wsu.ac.kr

• Received: February 22, 2016 • Revised: April 5, 2016 • Accepted: May 23, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
References

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this study was to identify the level of Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge, intention of HPV vaccination, and barriers on HPV vaccination among male undergraduate students of Health department and Non-health department.
Methods
A total of 149 male undergraduate students responded to self-administered questionnaires about their HPV knowledge, HPV vaccination intention, and their barriers on HPV vaccination. ANOVA, t-test and x² test (Fisher's exact test) were used for data analysis.
Results
Mean score of HPV knowledge was 3.39±3.05, and there was significant difference between Health department (4.15±3.08) and Non-health department (2.58±2.82) in HPV knowledge (t=3.241, p=.001). There was no significant difference in HPV vaccination acceptance between the two groups. The barriers on HPV vaccination were ‘lack of information about HPV vaccine efficacy’ and ‘lack of information about HPV vaccination time and strategy’, and there were significant differences in barriers on HPV vaccination between the two groups.
Conclusion
The knowledge on HPV was low, and HPV vaccination was hindered due to lack of information about HPV vaccine despite their intention to obtain HPV vaccine. HPV education to promote HPV vaccination should be targeted among male students.
Key Words: Human papilloma virus; Knowledge; Vaccination; Male

Table 1.

General Characteristics and HPV-related Characteristics (N=149)

Variables	Categories	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	x²	p
Variables	Categories	n(%)	n(%)	x²	p
Grade	1	20 (13.4)	12 (8.1)	7.77	.051
	2	33 (22.1)	47 (31.5)
	3	20 (13.4)	10 (6.7)
	4	4 (2.7)	3 (2.0)
Allowance (10,000 won/month)	＜10	5 (3.4)	8 (5.4)	1.34	.719
	10~＜30	32 (21.5)	30 (20.1)
	30~＜50	31 (20.8)	28 (18.8)
	≥50	9 (6.0)	6 (4.0)
Smoking	Yes	21 (14.1)	21 (14.1)	0.07	.470
Smoking	No	56 (37.6)	51 (34.2)
Sexual experience	Yes	43 (28.9)	39 (26.2)	0.04	.484
Sexual experience	No	34 (22.8)	33 (22.1)
Condom use	Yes	40 (48.8)	35 (42.7)	0.02	.592
Condom use	No	3 (3.7)	4 (4.9)
Family history of cancer	Yes	19 (12.8)	14 (9.4)	0.59	.285
Family history of cancer	No	58 (38.9)	58 (38.9)
Awareness about HPV	Yes	39 (26.2)	10 (6.7)	22.78	＜.001
Awareness about HPV	No	38 (25.5)	62 (41.6)
Information sources^† (n=55)	Health care provider	9 (6.0)	1 (0.7)	6.30	.018
	Lecture	27 (18.1)	1 (0.7)	27.65	＜.001
	Internet or TV	13 (8.7)	9 (6.0)	0.57	.495
	Friends	2 (1.3)	1 (0.7)	0.28	.525
HPV vaccination^‡	Yes	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0.94	.517
HPV vaccination^‡	No	76 (51.0)	72 (48.3)

^†Mutilple responses;

^‡HPV=Human papillomavirus.

Table 2.

Differences in HPV Knowledge (N=149)

Variables	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	t	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	t	p
Mean score	3.39±3.05
HPV knowledge	4.15±3.08	2.58±2.82	−3.24	.001
(min: 0, max: 20)

Table 3.

Differences in Correct Response Rate for HPV Knowledge (N=149)

Items	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	x²	p
Items	%	%	x²	p
1. HPV is realted to the development of the cervical cancer (T)	30.2	12.8	11.73	.001
2. Low risk virus dose not occur the cervical cancer (T)	3.2	0.0	6.24	.045
3. HPV is almost asymptomatic (T)	9.4	7.4	0.03	.518
4. High risk virus causes wart around the genital area (F)	1.3	0.7	0.19	.566
5. Low risk virus causes displasia of the cervical area (F)	3.4	2.7	0.01	.609
6. HPV is one of STDs (T)	28.2	18.8	1.70	.128
7. HPV infection occur in the areas of oral, respiratory tract, and eyes (T)	17.4	6.7	6.31	.011
8. Condom can prevent the infection of HPV (F)	0.7	0.7	0.02	.706
9. HPV infection is a disease related to sexual contact (T)	26.8	16.1	3.01	.059
10. The incubation period for HPV ranged from months to a year (T)	16.1	8.7	2.22	.098
11. Because HPV might cause genital cancer for men, screening test is necessary (F)	1.3	0.0	2.46	.294
12. Once infected, it could not be disappeared unless treated (F)	20.1	6.7	9.78	.002
13. HPV can be disappeared gradually if one has a strong immunity system (T)	7.4	2.7	2.53	.099
14. HPV can be detected on cervical cytology Pap smear (F)	0.0	1.3	3.17	.207
15. A woman who is sexually active is recommended to receive HPV test (F)	4.0	1.3	1.53	.203
16. HPV can be treated with drug and surgery presently (F)	3.4	2.0	0.23	.461
17. It is possible to prevent neonatal infection by cesarean section if a mother is infected by HPV during pregnancy (F)	9.4	6.0	0.47	.327
18. Frequent warts occurrence around the vulva make the possibility of cervical cancer higher (F)	0.7	0.7	0.02	.706
19. HPV infection can be prevented with HPV vaccination (T)	28.2	20.1	0.89	.219
20. HPV occurs mostly during the middle age, menopause (F)	7.4	5.4	0.11	.469

Table 4.

Differences in HPV Vaccination Acceptance (N=149)

Variables	Categories	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	x²	p
Variables	Categories	n(%)	n(%)	x²	p
HPV vaccination acceptance	Yes	44 (29.5)	44 (29.5)	0.24	.373
HPV vaccination acceptance	No	33 (22.1)	28 (18.8)

Table 5.

Barriers on HPV Vaccination (N=149)

Items	Health department (n=77)			Non-health department (n=72)			x²	p
	Unlikely	Likely	Neutral	Unlikely	Likely	Neutral
	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)
1. Concern about risk to HPV vaccination or potential disadvantage of HPV vaccination	11(7.4)	22(14.8)	44(29.5)	7(4.7)	20(13.4)	45(30.2)	1.96	.743
2. Cost of vaccination	13(8.7)	29(19.4)	34(22.8)	20(13.4)	19(12.7)	34(22.8)	5.96	.202
3. Perceived lack of time	45(30.2)	6(4.1)	26(17.4)	34(22.8)	16(10.7)	22(14.8)	8.88	.064
4. Fear of HPV vaccination	60(40.2)	4(2.7)	13(8.7)	47(31.5)	11(7.4)	14(9.4)	5.39	.250
5. Fear of needle	57(38.3)	7(4.7)	13(8.7)	57(38.3)	6(4.0)	9(6.0)	1.85	.762
6. Perceived HPV vaccination benefit	34(22.8)	14(9.4)	29(19.5)	21(14.1)	16(10.8)	35(23.5)	8.01	.091
7. Lack of information about HPV vaccine efficacy	8(5.4)	45(30.2)	24(16.1)	2(1.3)	53(35.6)	17(11.4)	16.74	.001
8. Lack of information about HPV vaccination time and strategy	4(2.7)	52(34.9)	21(14.1)	2(1.3)	53(35.6)	17(11.4)	14.01	.003

References

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in males: Associations of HPV-related knowledge and perceptions with HPV vaccination intention among Korean mothers of boys
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HPV Knowledge, HPV Vaccination Intention, and Barriers on HPV Vaccination in Male Undergraduate Students of Health Department and Non-health Department

Variables	Categories	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	x²	p
Variables	Categories	n(%)	n(%)	x²	p
Grade	1	20 (13.4)	12 (8.1)	7.77	.051
	2	33 (22.1)	47 (31.5)
	3	20 (13.4)	10 (6.7)
	4	4 (2.7)	3 (2.0)
Allowance (10,000 won/month)	＜10	5 (3.4)	8 (5.4)	1.34	.719
	10~＜30	32 (21.5)	30 (20.1)
	30~＜50	31 (20.8)	28 (18.8)
	≥50	9 (6.0)	6 (4.0)
Smoking	Yes	21 (14.1)	21 (14.1)	0.07	.470
Smoking	No	56 (37.6)	51 (34.2)
Sexual experience	Yes	43 (28.9)	39 (26.2)	0.04	.484
Sexual experience	No	34 (22.8)	33 (22.1)
Condom use	Yes	40 (48.8)	35 (42.7)	0.02	.592
Condom use	No	3 (3.7)	4 (4.9)
Family history of cancer	Yes	19 (12.8)	14 (9.4)	0.59	.285
Family history of cancer	No	58 (38.9)	58 (38.9)
Awareness about HPV	Yes	39 (26.2)	10 (6.7)	22.78	＜.001
Awareness about HPV	No	38 (25.5)	62 (41.6)
Information sources^† (n=55)	Health care provider	9 (6.0)	1 (0.7)	6.30	.018
	Lecture	27 (18.1)	1 (0.7)	27.65	＜.001
	Internet or TV	13 (8.7)	9 (6.0)	0.57	.495
	Friends	2 (1.3)	1 (0.7)	0.28	.525
HPV vaccination^‡	Yes	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0.94	.517
HPV vaccination^‡	No	76 (51.0)	72 (48.3)

Variables	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	t	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	t	p
Mean score	3.39±3.05
HPV knowledge	4.15±3.08	2.58±2.82	−3.24	.001
(min: 0, max: 20)

Items	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	x²	p
Items	%	%	x²	p
1. HPV is realted to the development of the cervical cancer (T)	30.2	12.8	11.73	.001
2. Low risk virus dose not occur the cervical cancer (T)	3.2	0.0	6.24	.045
3. HPV is almost asymptomatic (T)	9.4	7.4	0.03	.518
4. High risk virus causes wart around the genital area (F)	1.3	0.7	0.19	.566
5. Low risk virus causes displasia of the cervical area (F)	3.4	2.7	0.01	.609
6. HPV is one of STDs (T)	28.2	18.8	1.70	.128
7. HPV infection occur in the areas of oral, respiratory tract, and eyes (T)	17.4	6.7	6.31	.011
8. Condom can prevent the infection of HPV (F)	0.7	0.7	0.02	.706
9. HPV infection is a disease related to sexual contact (T)	26.8	16.1	3.01	.059
10. The incubation period for HPV ranged from months to a year (T)	16.1	8.7	2.22	.098
11. Because HPV might cause genital cancer for men, screening test is necessary (F)	1.3	0.0	2.46	.294
12. Once infected, it could not be disappeared unless treated (F)	20.1	6.7	9.78	.002
13. HPV can be disappeared gradually if one has a strong immunity system (T)	7.4	2.7	2.53	.099
14. HPV can be detected on cervical cytology Pap smear (F)	0.0	1.3	3.17	.207
15. A woman who is sexually active is recommended to receive HPV test (F)	4.0	1.3	1.53	.203
16. HPV can be treated with drug and surgery presently (F)	3.4	2.0	0.23	.461
17. It is possible to prevent neonatal infection by cesarean section if a mother is infected by HPV during pregnancy (F)	9.4	6.0	0.47	.327
18. Frequent warts occurrence around the vulva make the possibility of cervical cancer higher (F)	0.7	0.7	0.02	.706
19. HPV infection can be prevented with HPV vaccination (T)	28.2	20.1	0.89	.219
20. HPV occurs mostly during the middle age, menopause (F)	7.4	5.4	0.11	.469

Variables	Categories	Health department (n=77)	Non-health department (n=72)	x²	p
Variables	Categories	n(%)	n(%)	x²	p
HPV vaccination acceptance	Yes	44 (29.5)	44 (29.5)	0.24	.373
HPV vaccination acceptance	No	33 (22.1)	28 (18.8)

Items	Health department (n=77)			Non-health department (n=72)			x²	p
	Unlikely	Likely	Neutral	Unlikely	Likely	Neutral
	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)
1. Concern about risk to HPV vaccination or potential disadvantage of HPV vaccination	11(7.4)	22(14.8)	44(29.5)	7(4.7)	20(13.4)	45(30.2)	1.96	.743
2. Cost of vaccination	13(8.7)	29(19.4)	34(22.8)	20(13.4)	19(12.7)	34(22.8)	5.96	.202
3. Perceived lack of time	45(30.2)	6(4.1)	26(17.4)	34(22.8)	16(10.7)	22(14.8)	8.88	.064
4. Fear of HPV vaccination	60(40.2)	4(2.7)	13(8.7)	47(31.5)	11(7.4)	14(9.4)	5.39	.250
5. Fear of needle	57(38.3)	7(4.7)	13(8.7)	57(38.3)	6(4.0)	9(6.0)	1.85	.762
6. Perceived HPV vaccination benefit	34(22.8)	14(9.4)	29(19.5)	21(14.1)	16(10.8)	35(23.5)	8.01	.091
7. Lack of information about HPV vaccine efficacy	8(5.4)	45(30.2)	24(16.1)	2(1.3)	53(35.6)	17(11.4)	16.74	.001
8. Lack of information about HPV vaccination time and strategy	4(2.7)	52(34.9)	21(14.1)	2(1.3)	53(35.6)	17(11.4)	14.01	.003

Table 1. General Characteristics and HPV-related Characteristics (N=149)

^†Mutilple responses;

‡

HPV=Human papillomavirus.

Table 2. Differences in HPV Knowledge (N=149)

Table 3. Differences in Correct Response Rate for HPV Knowledge (N=149)

Table 4. Differences in HPV Vaccination Acceptance (N=149)

Table 5. Barriers on HPV Vaccination (N=149)