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HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 27(2); 2016 > Article
Original Article
A Comparison of Characteristics between Success Group and Failure Group of 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers: with Focus on the First-year Analysis of Korean Cross-sectional Survey
Juna Lee, Insook Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(2):95-105.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.2.95
Published online: June 30, 2016

College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

• Received: February 12, 2016   • Revised: April 2, 2016   • Accepted: April 8, 2016

© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    This study examined the characteristics differences associated with 1-year continuous smoking abstinence in Korean young adult and middle-aged male workers.
  • Methods
    'Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)' is an ongoing surveillance system that assesses the health and nutritional status of Koreans. For a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from KNHANES VI-1, this study selected 683 Korean male workers as a subpopulation, who were young adult or middle-aged. The subpopulation was composed of success or failure group of 1-year continuous smoking abstinence. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed.
  • Results
    Success group was more likely to be older, live in urban areas, rate their health status as excellent or good, and have ever been diagnosed with hypertension than failure group. Additionally, Success group was less likely to have used electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), drink more than once a month, and have been exposed to secondhand smoking in workplace within a week.
  • Conclusion
    Developing smoking cessation programs requires consideration of resources in rural areas, promoting self-efficacy, restricting e-cigarettes and drinking, and promoting a smoke-free workplace.
  • Key Words: Middle aged; Male; Employment; Smoking cessation
Table 1

Comparisons of General Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)

Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
≥1 year
(success group)		 <1 year
(failure group)
n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
Age (year) 45.96±0.46 42.47±1.13 −5.19 <.001
29~39 74 (22.7) 121 (42.5) 32.39 <.001
40~49 140 (38.8) 107 (32.6)
50~59 149 (38.4) 92 (24.9)
Inhabited area Urban area 303 (84.4) 253 (77.3) 5.56 .027
Rural area 60 (15.6) 67 (22.7)
Residence Others 125 (38.4) 144 (48.5) 7.10 .025
Apartment 238 (61.6) 176 (51.5)
Personal income (n=680)† Low 61 (18.6) 68 (20.1) 11.92 .022
Middle low 88 (23.4) 88 (30.4)
Middle high 92 (25.9) 92 (28.6)
High 120 (32.2) 71 (20.9)
Family income (n=680)† Low 14 (4.7) 16 (4.2) 12.08 .020
Middle low 76 (21.7) 83 (25.6)
Middle high 110 (29.3) 114 (38.3)
High 161 (44.3) 106 (32.0)
Educational level (n=682)† ≤Elementary school 17 (4.6) 16 (4.1) 2.30 .538
Middle school 31 (8.3) 30 (9.9)
High school 129 (36.9) 136 (41.6)
≥College 185 (50.3) 138 (45.0)
Occupation (n=680)† Profession or supervisor 97 (26.3) 53 (18.4) 13.09 .071
Office worker 69 (19.7) 56 (16.8)
Sales or service 50 (14.6) 68 (19.7)
Primary industry 16 (3.8) 9 (1.9)
Technician 106 (29.7) 110 (37.2)
Blue-collar worker 23 (5.9) 23 (6.0)
Cohabitant 3.44±0.07 3.32±0.09 −1.38 .170
Household Single-person 11 (3.3) 15 (4.4) 3.89 .358
Single-generation 53 (13.2) 50 (17.6)
Two-generation 273 (76.0) 240 (72.5)
Three-generation 26 (7.5) 15 (5.5)
Marital Status (n=680)† With spouse 318 (87.1) 273 (83.3) 2.66 .399
Divorce, bereaved 17 (4.7) 12 (4.7)
Single 25 (8.3) 35 (12.0)

SE=standard error; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted.

Table 2

Comparisons of Health related Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)†

Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
≥1 year
(success group)		 <1 year
(failure group)
n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
Perceived health status Excellent or good 143 (39.6) 103 (30.6) 7.08 .036
Fair 184 (52.1) 180 (57.4)
Poor or very poor 36 (8.3) 37 (12.0)
Physical discomfort within 2 weeks  Yes 34 (8.9) 39 (12.5) 2.35 .146
 No 329 (91.1) 281 (87.5)
Chronic disease diagnosis Hypertension 13.13 .001
 Yes 70 (18.0) 30 (8.5)
 No 293 (82.0) 290 (91.5)
Dyslipidemia 1.99 .169
 Yes 43 (10.9) 28 (7.8)
 No 320 (89.1) 292 (92.2)
Diabetes mellitus 2.35 .160
 Yes 24 (6.4) 14 (3.8)
 No 339 (93.6) 306 (96.2)
Amount of smoking (cigarettes per day) 15.22±0.54 15.08±0.71 -0.18 .854
Electronic cigarettes use Yes 13 (4.5) 69 (24.5) 56.12 <.001
No 350 (95.5) 251 (75.5)
Monthly drinking§ Yes 284 (78.0) 275 (87.0) 9.44 .005
No 79 (22.0) 45 (13.0)
Physical activity (MET-min/week) 2478.93±193.56 2746.97±300.13 0.89 .373
Inactive 81 (22.8) 93 (28.5) 6.52 .080
Minimally active 178 (48.1) 128 (38.6)
Physically active 104 (29.1) 99 (32.9)
Mental health Level of perceived stress 0.47 .513
 Very often or often 82 (23.4) 79 (25.7)
 Sometimes or never 281 (76.6) 241 (74.3)
Continuous depression over 2 weeks 0.08 .777
 Yes 16 (3.9) 13 (4.4)
 No 347 (96.1) 307 (95.6)
Hours of sleep (per day) 6.66±0.06 6.63±0.09 -0.32 .747

SE=standard error; MET-min=metabolic equivalent-minutes; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; § Drinking more than once a month.

Table 3

Comparisons of Social and Environmental Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)†

Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
≥1 year
(success group)		 <1 year
(failure group)
n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
Working hours (per week) (n=682)† 47.21±0.74 50.76±1.17 3.02 .003
Position Employee 254 (70.5) 217 (70.6) 0.00 .987
Others∥ 109 (29.5) 103 (29.4)
Work hour (n=674)† Day 308 (85.8) 264 (82.4) 5.60 .104
Evening or night 22 (5.8) 33 (10.6)
Shift work 29 (8.5) 18 (7.0)
Second-hand smoking within a week Workplace 15.87 <.001
 Yes 231 (62.1) 240 (76.2)
 No 132 (37.9) 80 (23.8)
Public place 1.89 .210
 Yes 241 (64.5) 191 (59.4)
 No 122 (35.5) 129 (40.6)
Existence of in-home smokers Yes 17 (6.0) 18 (6.7) 0.15 .746
No 346 (94.0) 302 (93.3)
Anti-smoking campaigns§ Yes 281 (76.6) 262 (82.5) 3.67 .075
No 82 (23.4) 58 (17.5)

SE=standard error; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; §Exposure to Anti-smoking Campaigns within 1year; ∥Employer and Family Business.

Table 4

Factors related to 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers (N=679)†

Variables Categories Crude OR (95% CI)‡ Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ p Wald F
Age (year) 29~39 1.00 1.00 .001 7.31
40~49 2.23 (1.52~3.27) 1.89 (1.23~2.92)
50~59 2.89 (1.95~4.29) 2.14 (1.40~3.27)
Inhabited area Rural area 1.00 1.00 .042 4.21
Urban area 1.59 (1.05~2.40) 1.53 (1.02~2.29)
Residence Others 1.00 1.00 .142 2.18
Apartment 1.51 (1.05~2.17) 1.34 (0.91~1.98)
Family income Low 1.00 1.00 .194 1.59
Middle low 0.75 (0.31~1.82) 0.83 (0.29~2.40)
Middle high 0.68 (0.30~1.55) 0.74 (0.28~1.96)
High 1.23 (0.55~2.78) 1.15 (0.44~3.02)
Perceived health status Poor or very poor 1.00 1.00 .030 3.58
Fair 1.30 (0.75~2.25) 1.41 (0.80~2.50)
Excellent or good 1.86 (1.08~3.22) 2.12 (1.14~3.97)
Hypertension diagnosis No 1.00 1.00 .011 6.65
Yes 2.35 (1.41~3.94) 2.19 (1.20~3.98)
Electronic cigarettes use Yes 1.00 1.00 <.001 21.08
No 6.89 (3.39~14.00) 5.68 (2.69~12.00)
Monthly drinking§ Yes 1.00 1.00 .002 9.88
No 1.88 (1.21~2.93) 2.14 (1.33~3.44)
Working hours (per week) ≥49 hours 1.00 1.00 .089 2.93
<49 hours 1.77 (1.27~2.47) 1.37 (0.95~1.97)
Secondhand smoking in workplace within a week Yes 1.00 1.00 .001 12.61
No 1.96 (1.39~2.76) 1.87 (1.32~2.65)
Correct prediction (%) 68.7
Nagelkerke R2 (%) 24.5

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidential interval; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; §Drinking more than once a month.

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    • Association of Satisfactory Smoking Cessation Support Services and Treatment Administered with Successful Quitting of Smoking in Korea
      Chanmin Lee, Ja-Mi Cho, Kyoung-Jin Kim, Eun-Jung Oh, Jinyoung Shin, Jae-Kyung Choi, Hyuk-Jung Kweon, Min-woo Jo, Yu-Jin Paek
      Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2019; 10(2): 62.     CrossRef

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    A Comparison of Characteristics between Success Group and Failure Group of 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers: with Focus on the First-year Analysis of Korean Cross-sectional Survey
    A Comparison of Characteristics between Success Group and Failure Group of 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers: with Focus on the First-year Analysis of Korean Cross-sectional Survey
    Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
    ≥1 year
    (success group)    		 <1 year
    (failure group)
    n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
    Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
    Age (year) 45.96±0.46 42.47±1.13 −5.19 <.001
    29~39 74 (22.7) 121 (42.5) 32.39 <.001
    40~49 140 (38.8) 107 (32.6)
    50~59 149 (38.4) 92 (24.9)
    Inhabited area Urban area 303 (84.4) 253 (77.3) 5.56 .027
    Rural area 60 (15.6) 67 (22.7)
    Residence Others 125 (38.4) 144 (48.5) 7.10 .025
    Apartment 238 (61.6) 176 (51.5)
    Personal income (n=680)† Low 61 (18.6) 68 (20.1) 11.92 .022
    Middle low 88 (23.4) 88 (30.4)
    Middle high 92 (25.9) 92 (28.6)
    High 120 (32.2) 71 (20.9)
    Family income (n=680)† Low 14 (4.7) 16 (4.2) 12.08 .020
    Middle low 76 (21.7) 83 (25.6)
    Middle high 110 (29.3) 114 (38.3)
    High 161 (44.3) 106 (32.0)
    Educational level (n=682)† ≤Elementary school 17 (4.6) 16 (4.1) 2.30 .538
    Middle school 31 (8.3) 30 (9.9)
    High school 129 (36.9) 136 (41.6)
    ≥College 185 (50.3) 138 (45.0)
    Occupation (n=680)† Profession or supervisor 97 (26.3) 53 (18.4) 13.09 .071
    Office worker 69 (19.7) 56 (16.8)
    Sales or service 50 (14.6) 68 (19.7)
    Primary industry 16 (3.8) 9 (1.9)
    Technician 106 (29.7) 110 (37.2)
    Blue-collar worker 23 (5.9) 23 (6.0)
    Cohabitant 3.44±0.07 3.32±0.09 −1.38 .170
    Household Single-person 11 (3.3) 15 (4.4) 3.89 .358
    Single-generation 53 (13.2) 50 (17.6)
    Two-generation 273 (76.0) 240 (72.5)
    Three-generation 26 (7.5) 15 (5.5)
    Marital Status (n=680)† With spouse 318 (87.1) 273 (83.3) 2.66 .399
    Divorce, bereaved 17 (4.7) 12 (4.7)
    Single 25 (8.3) 35 (12.0)
    Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
    ≥1 year
    (success group)    		 <1 year
    (failure group)
    n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
    Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
    Perceived health status Excellent or good 143 (39.6) 103 (30.6) 7.08 .036
    Fair 184 (52.1) 180 (57.4)
    Poor or very poor 36 (8.3) 37 (12.0)
    Physical discomfort within 2 weeks  Yes 34 (8.9) 39 (12.5) 2.35 .146
     No 329 (91.1) 281 (87.5)
    Chronic disease diagnosis Hypertension 13.13 .001
     Yes 70 (18.0) 30 (8.5)
     No 293 (82.0) 290 (91.5)
    Dyslipidemia 1.99 .169
     Yes 43 (10.9) 28 (7.8)
     No 320 (89.1) 292 (92.2)
    Diabetes mellitus 2.35 .160
     Yes 24 (6.4) 14 (3.8)
     No 339 (93.6) 306 (96.2)
    Amount of smoking (cigarettes per day) 15.22±0.54 15.08±0.71 -0.18 .854
    Electronic cigarettes use Yes 13 (4.5) 69 (24.5) 56.12 <.001
    No 350 (95.5) 251 (75.5)
    Monthly drinking§ Yes 284 (78.0) 275 (87.0) 9.44 .005
    No 79 (22.0) 45 (13.0)
    Physical activity (MET-min/week) 2478.93±193.56 2746.97±300.13 0.89 .373
    Inactive 81 (22.8) 93 (28.5) 6.52 .080
    Minimally active 178 (48.1) 128 (38.6)
    Physically active 104 (29.1) 99 (32.9)
    Mental health Level of perceived stress 0.47 .513
     Very often or often 82 (23.4) 79 (25.7)
     Sometimes or never 281 (76.6) 241 (74.3)
    Continuous depression over 2 weeks 0.08 .777
     Yes 16 (3.9) 13 (4.4)
     No 347 (96.1) 307 (95.6)
    Hours of sleep (per day) 6.66±0.06 6.63±0.09 -0.32 .747
    Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
    ≥1 year
    (success group)    		 <1 year
    (failure group)
    n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
    Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
    Working hours (per week) (n=682)† 47.21±0.74 50.76±1.17 3.02 .003
    Position Employee 254 (70.5) 217 (70.6) 0.00 .987
    Others∥ 109 (29.5) 103 (29.4)
    Work hour (n=674)† Day 308 (85.8) 264 (82.4) 5.60 .104
    Evening or night 22 (5.8) 33 (10.6)
    Shift work 29 (8.5) 18 (7.0)
    Second-hand smoking within a week Workplace 15.87 <.001
     Yes 231 (62.1) 240 (76.2)
     No 132 (37.9) 80 (23.8)
    Public place 1.89 .210
     Yes 241 (64.5) 191 (59.4)
     No 122 (35.5) 129 (40.6)
    Existence of in-home smokers Yes 17 (6.0) 18 (6.7) 0.15 .746
    No 346 (94.0) 302 (93.3)
    Anti-smoking campaigns§ Yes 281 (76.6) 262 (82.5) 3.67 .075
    No 82 (23.4) 58 (17.5)
    Variables Categories Crude OR (95% CI)‡ Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ p Wald F
    Age (year) 29~39 1.00 1.00 .001 7.31
    40~49 2.23 (1.52~3.27) 1.89 (1.23~2.92)
    50~59 2.89 (1.95~4.29) 2.14 (1.40~3.27)
    Inhabited area Rural area 1.00 1.00 .042 4.21
    Urban area 1.59 (1.05~2.40) 1.53 (1.02~2.29)
    Residence Others 1.00 1.00 .142 2.18
    Apartment 1.51 (1.05~2.17) 1.34 (0.91~1.98)
    Family income Low 1.00 1.00 .194 1.59
    Middle low 0.75 (0.31~1.82) 0.83 (0.29~2.40)
    Middle high 0.68 (0.30~1.55) 0.74 (0.28~1.96)
    High 1.23 (0.55~2.78) 1.15 (0.44~3.02)
    Perceived health status Poor or very poor 1.00 1.00 .030 3.58
    Fair 1.30 (0.75~2.25) 1.41 (0.80~2.50)
    Excellent or good 1.86 (1.08~3.22) 2.12 (1.14~3.97)
    Hypertension diagnosis No 1.00 1.00 .011 6.65
    Yes 2.35 (1.41~3.94) 2.19 (1.20~3.98)
    Electronic cigarettes use Yes 1.00 1.00 <.001 21.08
    No 6.89 (3.39~14.00) 5.68 (2.69~12.00)
    Monthly drinking§ Yes 1.00 1.00 .002 9.88
    No 1.88 (1.21~2.93) 2.14 (1.33~3.44)
    Working hours (per week) ≥49 hours 1.00 1.00 .089 2.93
    <49 hours 1.77 (1.27~2.47) 1.37 (0.95~1.97)
    Secondhand smoking in workplace within a week Yes 1.00 1.00 .001 12.61
    No 1.96 (1.39~2.76) 1.87 (1.32~2.65)
    Correct prediction (%) 68.7
    Nagelkerke R2 (%) 24.5
    Table 1 Comparisons of General Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)

    SE=standard error; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted.

    Table 2 Comparisons of Health related Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)†

    SE=standard error; MET-min=metabolic equivalent-minutes; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; § Drinking more than once a month.

    Table 3 Comparisons of Social and Environmental Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)†

    SE=standard error; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; §Exposure to Anti-smoking Campaigns within 1year; ∥Employer and Family Business.

    Table 4 Factors related to 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers (N=679)†

    OR=odds ratio; CI=confidential interval; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; §Drinking more than once a month.

    Table 1

    Table 2

    Table 3

    Table 4

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