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HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 27(1); 2016 > Article
Original Article
The Impacts of Job Stress and Job Embeddedness on Presenteeism among Container Terminal Workers
Ji Hyun Lee, Eun Kyung Choi, Hyang Ok Oh, Hye Kyung Moon, Sang Min Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(1):31-42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.1.31
Published online: March 31, 2016

1Department of Nursing, Kosin University, Busan, Korea.

2CJ Korea Express Busan Container Terminal Corp, Busan, Korea.

3Department of Nursing, Kimhae University, Busan, Korea.

4Busan Geriatrics Hospital, Busan, Korea.

5Department of Nursing, Kangwon Tourism College, Taebaek, Korea.

• Received: August 18, 2015   • Revised: March 14, 2016   • Accepted: March 22, 2016

© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of job stress and job embeddedness on presenteeism among container terminal workers.
  • Methods
    The participants were 299 workers at the S Harbor in P City. Data were collected from April 22 to June 5, 2015. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and logistic regression.
  • Results
    These workers on presenteeism were affected by the department of work, annual pay, and exercise of more than 30 minutes per day, revealing a statistically significant difference according to these variables. In other words, when job stress was high, job embeddedness was less, the extent of work impairment was higher, and in turn perceived productivity was lower. Work impairment was 3.11 times higher in workers with above-average job stress than those with lower job stress. Perceived productivity was 2.31 times higher in workers with above-average job embeddedness than those with lower job embeddedness.
  • Conclusion
    To reduce work impairment and increase productivity among container terminal workers, it is necessary to decrease their job stress, to increase their job embeddedness, and especially to do exercise for more than 30 minutes a day.
  • Key Words: Presenteeism; Psychological stress; Career mobility; Manpower
Table 1

Presenteeism Degree according to the Characteristics of Subjects (N=299)

Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD Work impairment Perceived productivity
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Age (year) 26~39 27 (9.0) 31.56±21.63 2.60
(.076)		 78.51±17.03 2.01
(.136)
40~49 149 (49.8) 20.28±1.66 82.88±13.20
50~59 123 (41.2)
52.21±6.32		 21.31±1.92 84.32±13.56
52.21±6.32
Department Transport part 156 (52.2) 31.59±21.48 2.41
(.017)		 84.03±13.48 1.25
(.211)
Maintenance part 143 (47.8) 37.38±19.98 82.04±14.05
Education ≤Middle school 10 (3.2) 35.25±17.89 0.98
(.403)		 78.00±14.57 0.71
(.549)
High school 146 (48.8) 32.24±22.15 83.55±13.94
University 91 (30.4) 36.43±20.15 83.60±13.79
>University 52 (17.4) 36.49±19.23 81.79±13.20
Marital status Single 37 (12.4) 34.46±21.58 0.03
(.975)		 77.11±17.14 2.85
(.005)
Married 262 (87.6) 34.34±20.89 83.92±13.05
Salary (10,000 won) 3,000~4,999 134 (44.8) 35.32±21.18 0.71
(.476)		 80.09±16.25 3.44
(.001)
≥5,000 165 (55.2) 33.58±20.78 85.50±10.82
Present job career (year) 1~4 41 (13.7) 20.38±3.18 0.25
(.863)		 80.78±15.83 2.31
(.076)
5~9 13 (4.3) 22.53±6.25 79.85±5.83
10~19 125 (41.8) 21.89±1.96 81.78±14.04
≥20 120 (40.2) 20.14±1.84 85.56±11.39
15.75±7.60
Employment status Regular 296 (99.0) 34.54±20.87 1.47
(.142)		 83.01±13.80 0.86
(.382)
Temporary position 3 (1.0) 16.67±24.66 90.00±10.00
Status smoking None 88 (29.4) 21.19±2.26 2.09
(.126)		 84.84±13.38 1.15
(.320)
Past smoking 80 (26.8) 32.47±20.25 82.94±12.19
Smoking 131 (43.8) 37.14±21.02 81.98±14.87
Status drinking None 76 (25.4) 32.27±24.05 1.01
(.315)		 84.78±14.75 1.25
(.213)
Drinking 223 (74.6) 35.07±19.78 82.50±13.40
Above 30min average of exercise (time/wk) None 116 (38.8) 38.51±19.45 2.76
(.006)		 80.86±16.13 2.23
(.027)
Yes 183 (61.2) 31.72±21.47 84.48±11.87
Sleeping time <7h 183 (61.2) 33.72±21.91 0.51
(.602)		 82.43±14.40 0.59
(.554)
7h 100 (33.4) 34.78±19.19 84.29±12.70
≥8h 16 (5.4) 39.06±20.65 82.94±13.07
Table 2

Job Stress and Job Embeddedness and Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Variables Sub-factor Item M±SD Range (min~max) Average M±SD Remark
Job stress Total 24 47.18±7.96 8~71 13.76±2.33 48.5
Job demand 4 50.42±14.36 6~93 12.60±3.59 50.1
Insufficient job control 4 47.82±16.62 0~87 11.95±4.15 50.1
Interpersonal conflict 3 37.37±15.57 0~100 12.46±5.19 33.4
Job insecurity 2 61.20±18.32 0~100 30.60±9.16 50.1
Organizational system 4 51.15±15.96 0~100 12.79±3.99 50.1
Lack of reward 3 45.88±14.62 0~100 15.29±4.87 50.1
Occupational climate 4 36.41±15.12 0~87 9.10±3.78 41.7
Job embeddedness Total 10 37.37±6.12 13~50 3.74±0.61
Fit to organization 4 15.08±2.78 4~20 3.77±0.69
Sacrifice to organization 3 11.32±1.96 3~15 3.77±0.65
Link to organization 3 10.97±2.07 3~15 3.66±0.69
Presenteeism Total 25
Health problem 14
 Health problem A 3.37±2.91 0~14 3.37±2.91
 Relate of business B 2.59±2.79 0~14 2.59±2.79
Work impairment 10 34.36±20.94 10~50 3.43±2.09
 Job performance 5 13.67±5.85 5~25 2.73±1.17
 Attention 5 10.78±3.78 5~25 2.01±.756
Perceived productivity 1 83.08±13.77 20~100 83.08±13.77
Table 3

Current Health Problems and Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Variables Categories Health problem of present status Health problem by obstacle of work Difference
n (%) n (%)
Health problems Hearing problem 51 (16.3) 44 (14.1) 2.2
Skin problem 40 (12.8) 27 (8.6) 4.2
Low back pain 88 (28.1) 72 (23.0) 5.1
Muscle pain of upper extremities (shoulder, neck, arm, etc) 150 (47.9) 128 (40.9) 7.0
Muscle pain of lower extremities (buttocks, legs, knee, foot etc) 107 (34.2) 89 (28.4) 5.8
Headache, eye fatigue 172 (55.0) 145 (46.3) 8.7
Abdominal pain 18 (5.8) 17 (5.4) 0.4
Dyspnea 9 (2.9) 7 (2.2) 0.7
Cardiovascular disorders 51 (16.3) 31 (9.9) 6.4
Injury 32 (10.2) 25 (8.0) 2.2
Depression, anxiety 16 (5.1) 14 (4.5) 0.6
General fatigue 123 (39.3) 117 (37.4) 1.9
Insomnia 84 (26.8) 76 (24.3) 2.5
Etc 100 (31.9) 2 (0.6) 31.3
Do not have health problem 53 (17.7) 102 (34.1) 16.4
Total 257 (82.1) 205 (65.5)
M±SD (0-14) 3.37±2.91 (0~14) 2.58±2.78 (0~14)
Table 4

Correlation among Job Stress and Job Embeddedness and Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Variables Presenteeism
Work impairment Perceived of productivity
r (p) r (p)
Job stress: .25 (<.001) -.22 (<.001)
 Job demand .16 (.005) -.02 (.778)
 Insufficient job control -.06 (.332) -.07 (.210)
 Interpersonal conflict .15 (.011) -.22 (<.001)
 Job insecurity .12 (.401) -.03 (.630)
 Organizational system .22 (<.001) -.27 (<.001)
 Lack of reward .13 (.027) -.27 (<.001)
 Occupational climate .17 (.004) -.13 (.027)
Job embeddedness: -.20 (.001) .38 (<.001)
 Fit to organization -.20 (<.001) .41 (<.001)
 Sacrifice to organization -.17 (.004) .33 (<.001)
 Link to organization -.16 (.007) .26 (<.001)
Health problem of present status .40 (<.001) -.14 (<.014)
Health problem by obstacle of work .34 (<.001) -.20 (<.001)
Table 5

Logistic Regression of Factors Influencing Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Dependent variables Independent variables b SE Wals df p OR 95% Cl
Work impairment Job stress (Low=0, High=1) 1.13 0.45 6.50 1 .011 3.11 1.30~7.44
Perceived productivity Job embeddedness (High=0, Low=1) 0.84 0.25 11.57 1 .001 2.31 1.43~3.73

OR=odds ratio; Cl=confidence interval.

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    Citations to this article as recorded by  
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