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Original Article
- Depression and Cognitive Function of the Community-dwelling Elderly
- Seong Ok Seo, Ae Young So
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Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(1):1-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.1.1
Published online: March 31, 2016
1Buseung Long-Term Care Institution, Wonju, Korea.
2Department of Nursing, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju, Korea.
• Received: August 27, 2015 • Revised: January 8, 2016 • Accepted: March 4, 2016
© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
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Purpose
- The purpose of this study was to examine the depression and cognitive function of community-dwelling older adults.
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Methods
- 243 aged over 65 in Won-Ju in South Korea participated in this study. Data were collected from April to June 2013 through interviews. This study utilized the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form, the Korean version of MMSE-DS (MMSE for Dementia Screening), and infirmity testing for basic health status. Descriptive statistics, χ2, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé's test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used.
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Results
- 75.3% of the participants belonged to the depression group, and the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 17.3%. There were significant differences in depression and cognitive function according to gender, educational level, type of insurance, subjective health, frailty, and whether to be a client of home care service. The level of depression was significantly higher and the level of cognitive functions was significantly lower in older adults in home care services than in community-dwelling older adults.
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Conclusion
- This study is meaningful in that it included older adults in home care services to provide information to develop effective prevention programs for improving cognitive functions. The results of this study can be used to develop future community prevention and intervention.
Table 1
General Characteristics of Participants (N=243)
Table 2
Depression and Cognitive function of Participants (N=243)
| Characteristics | Categories | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Depression | Normal | 60 (24.7) |
| Mild depression | 88 (36.2) | |
| Severe depression | 95 (39.1) | |
| Cognitive function | Normal | 201 (82.7) |
| Cognitive impairment | 42 (17.3) |
Table 3
Depression according to General Characteristics (N=243)
Table 4
Cognitive Function according to General Characteristics (N=243)
Table 5
Correlation among Depression, Cognitive Function & Related Factors (N=243)
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
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XML DownloadDepression and Cognitive Function of the Community-dwelling Elderly
Depression and Cognitive Function of the Community-dwelling Elderly
| Characteristics | Categories | n (%) or M±SD |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 57 (23.5) |
| Female | 186 (76.5) | |
| Age (year) | 65~69 | 15 (6.2) |
| 70~74 | 55 (22.6) | |
| 75~79 | 89 (36.6) | |
| ≥80 | 84 (34.6) | |
| Education | None | 80 (32.9) |
| Elementary school | 101 (41.6) | |
| Middle school | 37 (15.2) | |
| ≥High school | 25 (10.3) | |
| Type of insurance | Medicaid | 70 (28.8) |
| Medical insurance | 173 (71.2) | |
| Number of chronic disease | 2.06±1.10 | |
| Subjective health status | Very bad | 25 (10.3) |
| Bad | 83 (34.2) | |
| Moderate | 92 (37.9) | |
| Good | 39 (16.0) | |
| Very good | 4 (1.6) | |
| frailty level | Health group | 13 (5.3) |
| High risk frailty older adults | 142 (58.4) | |
| Frailty group | 87 (35.8) | |
| Home care services | Yes | 120 (49.4) |
| No | 123 (50.6) |
| Characteristics | Categories | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Depression | Normal | 60 (24.7) |
| Mild depression | 88 (36.2) | |
| Severe depression | 95 (39.1) | |
| Cognitive function | Normal | 201 (82.7) |
| Cognitive impairment | 42 (17.3) |
| Characteristics | Categories | M±SD | t or F (p) | Scheffé |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 6.49±4.21 | 2.59 (.010) | |
| Female | 8.14±4.20 | |||
| Age (year) | 65~69 | 6.07±5.19 | 1.86 (.136) | |
| 70~74 | 7.40±4.42 | |||
| 75~79 | 7.55±4.53 | |||
| ≥80 | 8.50±3.54 | |||
| Education | Nonea | 9.13±3.72 | 5.96 (.001) | a>b |
| Elementary schoolb | 7.53±4.02 | |||
| Middle school | 6.86±4.70 | |||
| ≥High school | 5.56±4.87 | |||
| Type of insurance | Medicaid | 9.80±3.42 | 5.50 (<.001) | |
| Medical insurance | 6.92±4.29 | |||
| Subjective health status | Very bada | 11.64±3.71 | 36.28 (<.001) | a, b>c>d, e |
| badb | 9.81±3.26 | |||
| Moderatec | 6.90±3.50 | |||
| Goodd | 3.58±3.22 | |||
| Very goode | 0.33±0.58 | |||
| frailty level | Health groupa | 2.23±2.35 | 56.41 (<.001) | a<b<c |
| High risk frailty older adultsb | 6.45±3.77 | |||
| frailty groupc | 10.71±3.22 | |||
| Home care services | Yes | 9.67±3.48 | 7.74 (<.001) | |
| No | 5.89±4.12 |
| Characteristics | Categories | M±SD | t or F (p) | Scheffé |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 24.75±3.29 | -2.33 (.022) | |
| Female | 23.54±3.92 | |||
| Age (year) | 65~69a | 25.93±3.35 | 5.40 (.001) | a, b>c |
| 70~74b | 24.80±3.54 | |||
| 75~79c | 23.91±3.72 | |||
| ≥80 | 22.71±3.86 | |||
| Education | Nonea | 21.38±3.22 | 32.73 (<.001) | a<b<c, d |
| Elementary schoolb | 23.96±3.46 | |||
| Middle schoolc | 26.46±3.20 | |||
| ≥High schoold | 27.20±2.14 | |||
| Type of insurance | Medicaid | 23.03±3.91 | -2.08 (.038) | |
| Medical insurance | 24.14±3.73 | |||
| Subjective health status | Very bad | 22.64±4.04 | 5.05 (.001) | a<b |
| bada | 22.78±3.65 | |||
| Moderate | 24.34±3.54 | |||
| Goodb | 25.25±3.96 | |||
| Very good | 27.67±1.53 | |||
| frailty level | Health groupa | 27.46±2.37 | 17.87 (<.001) | a>b>c |
| High risk frailty older adultsb | 24.47±3.40 | |||
| frailty groupc | 22.22±3.96 | |||
| Home care services | Yes | 23.08±3.81 | -3.04 (.003) | |
| No | 24.54±3.69 |
| Variables | Age | Education | Number of chronic disease | Subjective health status | Fraility level | Depression | Cognitive function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | |
| Age | 1 | ||||||
| Education | -.17 (.008) |
1 | |||||
| Number of chronic disease | -.00 (.994) |
-.05 (.469) |
1 | ||||
| Subjective health status | .00 (.956) |
.27 (<.001) |
-.29 (<.001) |
1 | |||
| frailty level | .17 (.009) |
-.30 (<.001) |
.44 (<.001) |
-.62 (<.001) |
1 | ||
| Depression | .14 (.035) |
-.28 (<.001) |
.22 (<.001) |
-.61 (<.001) |
.70 (<.001) |
1 | |
| Cognitive function | -.29 (<.001) |
.55 (<.001) |
-.11 (.103) |
.27 (<.001) |
-.44 (<.001) |
-.27 (<.001) |
1 |
Table 1
General Characteristics of Participants (N=243)
Table 2
Depression and Cognitive function of Participants (N=243)
Table 3
Depression according to General Characteristics (N=243)
Table 4
Cognitive Function according to General Characteristics (N=243)
Table 5
Correlation among Depression, Cognitive Function & Related Factors (N=243)
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
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E-mail: office@rcphn.org
© Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.
College of Nursing, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
E-mail: office@rcphn.org
© Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.