Table 1Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables (N=270)
Variables |
|
|
n (%) |
M±SD |
Range |
General characteristics |
Gender |
Male |
53 (19.6) |
|
|
Female |
217 (80.4) |
Age (year) |
≤64 |
46 (17.0) |
72.2±8.28 |
40~89 |
65~74 |
113 (41.9) |
≥75 |
111 (41.3) |
Education |
No formal education |
118 (43.7) |
|
|
Elementary school |
110 (40.7) |
≥Middle school |
42 (15.6) |
Religion |
Yes |
153 (56.7) |
|
|
No |
117 (43.3) |
Occupation |
Yes |
164 (60.7) |
|
|
No |
106 (39.3) |
Marital status†
|
Spouse (yes) |
155 (58.3) |
|
|
Bereaved/single |
111 (41.7) |
Living with family |
Yes |
194 (71.9) |
|
|
No |
76 (28.1) |
Health insurance |
National health insurance |
256 (94.8) |
|
|
Medical aid |
14 (5.2) |
Comorbidities |
Hypertension |
|
|
|
Yes |
138 (51.1) |
No |
132 (48.9) |
Diabetes |
|
Yes |
51 (18.9) |
No |
219 (81.1) |
Cardiovascular disease |
34 (12.6) |
Yes |
236 (87.4) |
No |
|
Use of medical cinics (one or more visit) |
Yes |
154 (57.0) |
|
|
No |
116 (44.1) |
Health status |
Joint pain |
|
|
10.6±5.89 |
0~28 |
Physical function |
5.5±3.56 |
0~20 |
Depression |
19.3±10.01 |
2~45 |
Patient activation |
|
Low |
149 (55.2) |
56.0±16.61 |
21~100 |
High |
121 (44.8) |
Table 2Differences in Patient Activation Level by General Characteristics and Health Status (N=270)
Variables |
Characteristics |
Categories |
Low level |
High level |
x2 or t |
p
|
n (%) or M±SD |
n (%) or M±SD |
General characteristics |
Gender |
Male |
29 (19.5) |
24 (19.8) |
0.01 |
.939 |
Female |
120 (80.5) |
97 (80.2) |
Age (year) |
≤64 |
16 (10.7) |
30 (24.8) |
18.22 |
<.001 |
65~74 |
56 (37.6) |
57 (47.1) |
≥75 |
77 (51.7) |
34 (28.1) |
Education |
No formal education |
82 (55.0) |
36 (29.8) |
26.99 |
<.001 |
Elementary school |
57 (38.3) |
53 (43.8) |
≥Middle school |
10 (6.7) |
32 (26.4) |
Religion |
Yes |
74 (49.7) |
79 (65.3) |
6.02 |
.014 |
No |
75 (50.3) |
42 (34.7) |
Occupation |
Yes |
91 (61.1) |
73 (60.3) |
0.02 |
.901 |
No |
58 (38.9) |
48 (39.7) |
Marital status†
|
Married |
79 (54.5) |
76 (62.8) |
1.55 |
.213 |
Bereaved/single |
66 (46.5) |
45 (37.2) |
Living with family |
Yes |
105 (70.5) |
89 (73.6) |
0.18 |
.589 |
No |
44 (29.5) |
32 (26.4) |
Health insurance |
National health insurance |
142 (95.3) |
114 (94.2) |
0.02 |
.902 |
Medical aid |
7 (4.7) |
7 (5.8) |
Comorbidities |
Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
Yes |
84 (56.4) |
54 (44.6) |
3.23 |
.072 |
No |
65 (43.6) |
67 (55.4) |
|
|
Diabetes |
|
|
|
|
Yes |
26 (17.4) |
25 (20.7) |
0.26 |
.607 |
No |
123 (82.6) |
96 (79.3) |
|
|
Cardiovascular disease |
21 (14.1) |
13 (10.7) |
|
|
Yes |
128 (85.9) |
108 (89.3) |
0.41 |
.522 |
No |
|
|
|
|
Use of medical clinics (one or more visit) |
Yes |
97 (65.1) |
57 (47.1) |
8.82 |
.003 |
No |
52 (34.9) |
64 (52.9) |
Health status |
Joint pain |
|
10.9±5.92 |
10.1±5.83 |
1.19 |
.235 |
Physical function |
5.9±3.25 |
5.1±3.93 |
1.72 |
.087 |
Depression |
20.9±9.84 |
17.4±9.94 |
3.45 |
.005 |
Table 3Factors associated with Patient Activation Level (N=270)
Variables |
Characteristics |
Categories |
OR |
95% CI |
p
|
General characteristics |
Gender |
Male (ref.) |
|
|
|
Female |
0.87 |
0.39~1.93 |
.737 |
Age (year) |
≤64 |
|
|
|
65~74 |
0.93 |
0.39~2.21 |
.876 |
≥75 |
0.49 |
0.86~1.32 |
.160 |
Education |
No formal education (ref.) |
|
|
|
Elementary school |
1.96 |
1.02~3.75 |
.042 |
≥Middle school |
6.91 |
2.55~18.75 |
<.001 |
Religion |
No (ref.) |
|
|
|
Yes |
1.85 |
1.04~3.32 |
.038 |
Occupation |
No (ref.) |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.62 |
0.31~1.20 |
.156 |
Marital status |
Married (ref.) |
|
|
|
Bereaved/single |
1.02 |
0.41~2.50 |
.970 |
Living with family |
No (ref.) |
|
|
|
Yes |
1.48 |
0.62~3.55 |
.374 |
Health insurance |
NHI (ref.) |
|
|
|
Medical aid |
0.96 |
0.25~3.64 |
.953 |
Comorbidities |
Hypertension |
|
|
|
No (ref.) |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.53 |
0.30~0.95 |
.032 |
Diabetes |
|
|
|
No (ref.) |
|
|
|
Yes |
1.47 |
0.72~3.02 |
.289 |
Cardiovascular disease |
|
|
|
No (ref.) |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.74 |
0.32~1.75 |
.498 |
Use of medical clinics (one or more visit) |
0.44 |
0.25~0.77 |
.004 |
Health status |
Joint pain |
|
1.02 |
0.95~1.08 |
.642 |
Physical function |
0.99 |
0.90~1.11 |
.979 |
Depression |
0.96 |
0.93~0.99 |
.040 |
Model fit |
-2Log likelihood=305.62, x2=60.97 (p<.001), Cox & Snell R2=.205, Nagelkerke R2=.274 |