Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

RCPHN : Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search
Advanced Search
mobile menu button

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 26(2); 2015 > Article
Original Article
Differences in the Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Victimization between Low- and High-Grade Elementary School Children and Correlations among the Characteristics
Young-Ran Cho, Ji-Eun Kim, Kyung-Min Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2015;26(2):119-127.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.119
Published online: June 30, 2015

1Daegu Child Sexual Assault Response Center, Daegu, Korea.

2College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

• Received: April 3, 2015   • Revised: June 4, 2015   • Accepted: June 18, 2015

© 2015 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 771 Views
  • 3 Download
  • 5 Crossref
Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF

  • Purpose
    This study is attempted to figure out the characteristics of sexual abuse victimization in low- and high-grade elementary school children and furthermore to help develop appropriate preventive educational programs against sexual abuse by grade.
  • Methods
    Data were collected from 156 sexual abuse victims who were elementary school children and visited the Child Sexual Abuse Response Center in D City during the period from 2010 to 2012. Differences in general and victimization-related characteristics between low and high graders and the correlations among the characteristics were analyzed.
  • Results
    The results showed statistically significant difference between low and high graders in two variables: offender-victim relationship, and the type of sexual abuse. Offender-victim relationship was in a significant correlation with the duration of victimization (r=.576, p<.001), frequency of abuse (r=.546, p<.001), location (r=-.479, p<.001), and time (r=.435, p<.001). The type of sexual abuse was in a significant correlation with frequency (r=.175, p=.029) and time (r=.261, p=.001).
  • Conclusion
    Appropriate educational programs should be developed for preventing sexual assaults in consideration of difference in victimization-related characteristics between low and high graders. In addition, such programs should be applied fittingly to the learners'grade, gender, and cognitive level.
  • Key Words: Primary school; Sexual abuse of child; Victimization
Table 1

General Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Victims (N=156)

Characteristics Categories Lower grade Upper grade x2 (p)
n (%) n (%)
Gender Male 14 (20.9) 16 (18.0) 0.21 (.647)
Female 53 (79.1) 73 (82.0)
Disability Yes 9 (13.4) 19 (21.3) 1.63 (.202)
No 58 (86.6) 70 (78.7)
Two parent family Yes 43 (64.2) 47 (52.8) 2.03 (.155)
No 24 (35.8) 42 (47.2)
Table 2

Victimization Characteristics between Lower and Upper Grade Victims (N=156)

Characteristics Categories Lower grade Upper grade x2 (p)
n (%) n (%)
Offender - Victim's relationship Intrafamilial 14 (20.9) 35 (39.3) 6.89 (.032)
Extrafamilial 36 (53.7) 41 (46.1)
Strangers 17 (25.4) 13 (14.6)
Types of the sexual abuse Indecent assault 54 (80.6) 54 (60.7) 11.95 (.003)
Analogous rape 12 (17.9) 19 (21.3)
Rape 1 (1.5) 16 (18.0)
Duration of the sexual abuse 1 day 39 (58.2) 43 (48.3) 2.50 (.287)
2 days -1 year 18 (26.9) 24 (27.0)
>1 year 10 (14.9) 22 (24.7)
Frequency of the sexual abuse 1 37 (55.2) 43 (48.3) 3.82 (.148)
2~9 18 (26.9) 18 (20.2)
≥10 12 (17.9) 28 (31.5)
Location of the sexual abuse Indoor 46 (68.7) 70 (78.7) 2.00 (.157)
Outdoor 21 (31.3) 19 (21.3)
Time at sexual abuse Day 39 (58.2) 41 (46.1) 3.03 (.220)
Night 17 (25.4) 24 (27.0)
Mixed 11 (16.4) 24 (27.0)
Table 3

Correlation between Victimization Characteristics, Lower and Upper Grade Victims (N=156)

Variables X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Victim's grade at assault (X1) 1
Offender - Victim's relationship (X2) .21 (.010) 1
Types of the sexual abuse (X3) .27 (.001) .12 (.128) 1
Duration of the sexual abuse (X4) .11 (.169) .58 (<.001) .12 (.133) 1
Frequency of the sexual abuse (X5) .13 (.105) .55 (<.001) .18 (.029) .89 (<.001) 1
Location of the sexual abuse (X6) -.11 (.159) -.48 (<.001) .03 (.721) -.37 (<.001) -.40 (<.001) 1
Time at sexual abuse (X7) .03 (.761) .44 (<.001) .26 (.001) .56 (<.001) .58 (<.001) -.15 (.062)
Table 4

Victimization Characteristics according to General Characteristics of Lower and Upper Grade Victims (N=156)

Characteristics Classification Lower grade Upper grade
Gender Disability Two parent family Gender Disability Two parent family
Male Female Yes No Yes No Male Female Yes No Yes No
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Offender-Victim relationship Intrafamilial 3 (21.4) 11 (20.8) 1 (11.1) 13 (22.4) 11 (25.6) 3 (12.5) 2 (12.5) 33 (45.2) 6 (31.6) 29 (41.4) 15 (31.9) 20 (47.6)
Extrafamilial 7 (50.0) 29 (54.7) 6 (66.7) 30 (51.7) 20 (46.5) 16 (66.7) 14 (87.5) 27 (37.0) 10 (52.6) 31 (44.3) 24 (51.1) 17 (40.5)
Strangers 4 (28.6) 13 (24.5) 3 (22.2) 15 (25.9) 12 (27.9) 5 (20.8) 0 (0.0) 13 (17.8) 3 (15.8) 10 (14.3) 8 (17.0) 5 (11.9)
x2 (p) 0.12 (.923†) 0.84 (.891†) 2.73 (.255) 13.69 (.001) 0.62 (.734) 2.33 (.312)
Types of the sexual abuse Indecent assault 9 (64.3) 45 (84.9) 5 (55.6) 49 (84.5) 33 (76.8) 21 (87.5) 10 (62.5) 44 (60.3) 7 (36.8) 47 (67.1) 31 (66.0) 23 (54.8)
Analogous rape 5 (35.7) 7 (13.2) 3 (33.3) 9 (15.5) 9 (20.9) 3 (12.5) 6 (37.5) 13 (17.8) 7 (36.8) 12 (17.1) 13 (27.7) 6 (14.3)
Rape 0 (0.0) 1 (1.9) 1 (11.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 16 (21.9) 5 (26.3) 11 (15.7) 3 (6.4) 13 (31.0)
x2 (p) 3.98 (.178†) 8.64 (.027†) 1.39 (.687†) 5.90 (.041†) 5.91 (.047†) 9.76 (.008)
Duration of the sexual abuse 1 day 8 (57.1) 31 (58.5) 6 (66.7) 33 (56.9) 25 (58.1) 14 (58.3) 7 (43.8) 36 (49.3) 10 (52.6) 33 (47.1) 23 (48.9) 20 (47.6)
2 days -1 year 5 (35.7) 13 (24.5) 2 (22.2) 16 (27.6) 13 (30.2) 5 (20.8) 7 (43.8) 17 (23.3) 5 (26.3) 19 (27.1) 14 (29.8) 10 (23.8)
>1 year 1 (7.1) 9 (17.0) 1 (11.1) 9 (15.5) 5 (11.6) 5 (20.8) 2 (12.5) 20 (27.4) 4 (21.1) 18 (25.7) 10 (21.3) 12 (28.6)
x2 (p) 1.24 (.588†) 0.31 (1.000†) 1.38 (.501) 3.30 (.216†) 0.23 (.892) 0.78 (.677)
Frequency of the sexual abuse 1 7 (50.0) 30 (56.6) 5 (55.6) 32 (55.2) 24 (55.8) 13 (54.2) 7 (43.8) 36 (49.3) 10 (52.6) 33 (47.1) 23 (48.9) 20 (47.6)
2~9 6 (42.9) 12 (22.6) 3 (33.3) 15 (25.9) 12 (27.9) 6 (25.0) 6 (37.5) 12 (16.4) 3 (15.8) 15 (21.4) 10 (21.3) 8 (19.0)
≥10 1 (7.1) 11 (20.8) 1 (11.1) 11 (19.0) 7 (16.3) 5 (20.8) 3 (18.8) 25 (34.2) 6 (31.6) 22 (31.4) 14 (29.8) 14 (33.3)
x2 (p) 2.92 (.268†) 0.43 (.897†) 0.23 (.889) 3.96 (.138) 0.33 (.849) 0.15 (.927)
Location of the sexual abuse Indoor 11 (78.6) 35 (66.0) 5 (55.6) 41 (70.7) 30 (69.8) 16 (66.7) 12 (75.0) 58 (79.5) 14 (73.7) 56 (80.0) 36 (76.6) 34 (81.0)
Outdoor 3 (21.4) 18 (34.0) 4 (44.4) 17 (29.3) 13 (30.2) 8 (33.3) 4 (25.0) 15 (20.5) 5 (26.3) 14 (20.0) 11 (23.4) 8 (19.0)
x2 (p) 0.81 (.522†) 0.83 (.446†) 0.07 (.793) 0.16 (.739†) 0.36 (.541†) 0.25 (.617)
Time at sexual abuse Day 6 (42.9) 33 (62.3) 7 (77.8) 32 (55.2) 27 (62.8) 12 (50.0) 10 (62.5) 31 (42.5) 11 (57.9) 30 (42.9) 24 (51.1) 17 (40.5)
Night 5 (35.7) 12 (22.6) 1 (11.1) 16 (27.6) 8 (18.6) 9 (37.5) 4 (25.0) 20 (27.4) 2 (10.5) 22 (31.4) 12 (25.5) 12 (28.6)
Mixed 3 (21.4) 8 (15.1) 1 (11.1) 10 (17.2) 8 (18.6) 3 (12.5) 2 (12.5) 22 (30.1) 6 (31.6) 18 (25.7) 11 (23.4) 13 (31.0)
x2 (p) 1.73 (.370†) 1.70 (.541†) 2.95 (.229) 2.69 (.296†) 3.35 (.188) 1.09 (.581)

†Fisher's exact test.

  • 1. Allen JG. Coping with trauma: A guide to self-understanding. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1995. p. 385.
  • 2. Kim BN. Childhood stress and trauma. Korean J Stress Res. 2007;15(2):67–71.
  • 3. Lee KH, Lee JY, Bae JY, Kim IO. Development of the educational program for prevention of sexual abuse in children. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2003;33(2):89–199. ArticlePDF
  • 4. Kim SJ, Park SJ, Kim SH, Kang KA. Contents analysis of sexual abuse recognized by elementary school students. J Korean Acad Soc Nurs Educ. 2013;19(4):518–530. Article
  • 5. National Police Agency. Crime statistics of National Police Agency [Internet] Seoul: National Police Agency; 2014;cited 2014 November 27. Available from: http://stat.kosis.kr/nsieu/view/tree.do?task=branchView&id=132_13204*MT_OTITLE&hOrg=132
  • 6. Kim JY, Song IH, Kim KH, Chung YK, Lee MS, Wi JM. 2010 sexual assault survey. Research Reports. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality & Family Republic of Korea; 2010. 03;Report No.: 2010-54.
  • 7. Johnson CF. Child sexual abuse. Lancet. 2004;364(9432):462–470. ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Ministry of Justice. Criminal law [Internet] Sejong: Korea Ministry of Government Legislation; 2014;cited 2014 December 30. Available from: http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=0&p1=&subMenu=1&nwYn=1&section=&query=%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%B2%95&x=0&y=0#liBgcolor4
  • 9. Kim JS, Hong YH. Trend analysis and generation trends in sexual assault of child & adolescent. Research Reports. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality & Family Republic of Korea; 2012. Report No.: 2012-03.
  • 10. Gwak CY. Fact sheet of one-stop support center for women victims and victims of school violence [Internet] Seoul: Nation Police Agency; 2010;07;cited 2013 January 17. Avaliable from: http://www.police.go.kr/portal/main/search.do
  • 11. Lee YH, Lee KH. The study on the psychological characteristics of child sexual violence victims & the countermeasures. Korean Crim Psychol Rev. 2007;3(2):185–217.
  • 12. Kang EY. A study on the child sexual offenders. Research Reports. Seoul: Korean Institute of Criminology; 2003. 12;Report No.: 2003-24.
  • 13. Yoon IK, Jeon SK, Park JY. A study on the efficiency of sex education program for elementary school students. J Korean Pract Arts Educ. 2009;22(1):73–92.
  • 14. Lee SJ, Kim HJ, Kang MA, Jeong SH, Park YJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;19(1):3–12.
  • 15. Park SY. Sex education behind the times [Internet] Seoul: Money Today; 2013;cited 2014 October 14. Available from: http://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2013093017270462896&type=1
  • 16. Lim KB. (A) Study on the improvement of education for child sexual abuse prevention [master's thesis]. Seoul: Konkuk University; 2011. 110 p.
  • 17. Oh HS. (A) Study on the group treatment program for female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse [dissertation]. Seoul: Ewha Women's University; 2003. 68 p.
  • 18. Lee GS. (The) Effects of sex education on sex-related knowledge and attitude of 5th-grade elementary school students [master's thesis]. Gwangju: Chonnam National University; 2004. 101 p.
  • 19. Jeong GH, Yang SO, Kim SJ. Teachers' needs analysis about contents of sexual education for the lower grades of primary school. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2007;13(1):35–42. ArticlePDF
  • 20. Ministry of Health & Welfare. Disabled welfare law [Internet] Sejong: Korea Ministry of Government Legislation; 2013;cited 2013 July 30. Available from: http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=0&p1=&subMenu=1&nwYn=1&section=&query=%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%B2%95&x=0&y=0#liBgcolor0
  • 21. Cha JH, Park JH. Characteristics of child sexual abuse and prevention strategies in Jeonbuk region. Korean J Sci Crim Investig. 2012;6(4):278–288.
  • 22. Husain A, Chapel JL. History of incest in girls admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(5):591–593. ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Hong KE, Kang BG, Kwack YS. A survey of intrafamilial child sexual abuse by physicians' reports. J Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;9(2):138–147.
  • 24. Kang EY. The reality and policy of child sexual abuse. Research Report. Seoul: Korean Institute of Criminology; 2000. 12;Report No.: 00-13.
  • 25. Kim JY. Sex crime in family members and legal alternatives for the victims. Korean Criminol Rev. 2009;20(1):1081–1101.
  • 26. Rodriquez N, Ryan SW, Rowan AB, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1996;20(10):943–952. ArticlePubMed
  • 27. Ullman SE. Relationship to perpetrator, disclosure, social reactions, and PTSD symptoms in child sexual abuse survivors. J Child Sex Abus. 2007;16(1):19–36. Article
  • 28. Kim EH, Park JO, Lee HA. A study on disclosure of child sexual abuse. Korean J Vict. 2011;19(1):131–154.
  • 29. Kim SK, Park YK, Kang YD. Analysis of sexual assault victims: Based on data from a One-Stop Service Center in Chungcheongnam-do. Korean J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;55(10):736–744. Article
  • 30. Kim YR. Child abuse of children with disabilities and the school's preventive roles. Spec Educ Res. 2010;9(3):71–89. Article

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • An Integrative Literature Review on Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Programs for Elementary School Students in South Korea
      Hyewon Shin, Jung Min Lee, Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim
      Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 435.     CrossRef
    • Development of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Program for Elementary School Students Using a Hybrid Application
      Shin-Jeong Kim, So-Ra Kang, Jung Min Lee
      Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 109.     CrossRef
    • Development and Effects of a Children's Sex Education Program for the Parents of Lower Elementary Grade Students
      Eun Mi Lee, Hyunlye Kim
      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 222.     CrossRef
    • Sexual Abuse Prevention Mobile Application (SAP_MobAPP) for Primary School Children in Korea
      Kyoung Ja Moon, Kyung Min Park, Yunsick Sung
      Journal of Child Sexual Abuse.2017; 26(5): 573.     CrossRef
    • Comparison of Needs About Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Between Elementary School Students and Teachers
      Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Haeryun Cho, Hae Young Min
      Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(3): 215.     CrossRef

    Country-specific access statistics
    CountryReference
    United States 13
    Excel Download
    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    We recommend
    RCPHN : Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
    © Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.