Diabetes and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Yongsuk Kim

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.4.377

Articles

Page Path: HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 22(4); 2011 > Article

Original Article
Diabetes and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Yongsuk Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2014;22(4):377-388.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.4.377
Published online: April 4, 2014

Full-time Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Daegu Haany University, Korea.

• Received: July 12, 2011 • Revised: December 5, 2011 • Accepted: December 6, 2011

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

354 Views
0 Download

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract

Abstract

Purpose
This study was to examine the relation between diabetes and cognitive function in older adults.
Methods
Eighty community-dwelling patients with diabetes and 506 subjects without diabetes were studied with cognitive function test. Cognitive function was measured by Full-scale IQ, Basic IQ, Executive IQ, Attention Function Index, Working Memory Index, Language Function Index, Visuospatial Function Index, Memory Function Index, and MMSE-K1.
Results
In model controlling for education, the diabetic group showed significantly lower scores than the non-diabetic group in in Full-scale IQ (p=.012), Basic IQ (p=.034), Executive IQ (p=.014), Attention Function Index (p=.002), Working Memory Index (p=.037), and Memory Function Index (p=.043). The diabetic and non-diabetic groups that were matched for gender, age, and education showed similar differences in 7 out of 9 cognitive measures. The impairments of Full-scale IQ and Memory Function Index in the diabetic group were, respectively, 2.7 and 2.8 times greater than that in the diabetic group.
Conclusion
These results showed that diabetes should be considered to a factor of cognitive impairment in older adults.
Key Words: Diabetes mellitus; Executive function

Table 1

Demographic and Cognitive Characteristics of Older Adults With versus Without Diabetes (N=586)

^†𝒙²-test.

Table 2

Cognitive Function of Older Adults With versus Without Diabetes Adjusted for Education Level (ANCOVA results) (N=586)

Table 3

Demographic and Cognitive Characteristics of Selected Older Adults With versus Without Diabetes (N=160)

^†𝒙²-test.

Table 4

Risk of Cognitive Impairments according to Diabetes Status (N=586)

Note. Impairments are defined as the bottom 10% in each variances.

1. Arvanitakis Z, Wilson RS, Li Y, Aggarwal NT, Bennett DA. Diabetes and function in different cognitive systems in older individuals without dementia. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):560–565. Article PubMed PDF
2. Barnes LL, Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Bennett DA. Gender, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons. Neurology. 2003;60(11):1777–1781. Article PubMed
3. Choi JH, Kim HK, Kim DM. Cognitive function in older patients with diabetes mellitus. J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2002;6(1):41–47.
4. Debling D, Amelang M, Hasselbach P, Stümer T. Diabetes and cognitive function in a population-based study of elderly women and men. J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(4):238–245. Article PubMed
5. Ebady SA, Arami MA, Shafigh MH. Investigation on the relationship between diabetes mellitus type 2 and cognitive impairment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;82(3):305–309. Article PubMed
6. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198. PubMed
7. Ganguli M, Snitz BE, Lee CW, Vanderbilt J, Saxton JA, Chang CC. Age and education effects and norms on a cognitive test battery from a population-based cohort: The monongahela-youghiogheny healthy aging team. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(1):100–107. Article PubMed PMC
8. Hazari MA, Reddy BR, Uzma N, Kumar BS. Cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Mellit. 2011;02 05 [Epub ahead of print]Article
9. Jung M, So H. Cognitive Function in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetic Patients. Korean J Rehabil Nurs. 2005;8(1):38–49.
10. Kim GY, Kim HG. Effects of stroke on cognitive functions measured by the cognition scale for older adults. Korean J Clin Psychol. 2009;28(2):587–603. Article
11. Kim HK, Kim TY. Cognition scale for older adults manual. Daegu: Press Neuropsychology; 2007.
12. Kim MH. The level of cognitive function and depression and the risk factors of cognitive impairment in the community dwelling elderly. J Korean Soc Living Environ Syst. 2010;17(6):784–792.
13. Kim SG, Choi DS. Epidemiology and current status of diabetes in Korea. Hanyang Med Rev. 2009;29(2):122–129.
14. Kim TY, Kim SY, Choi SH, Yang DW, Kim JW, Sohn JE, et al. Development of the Korean naming test and estimating the validity and reliability. Dement Neurocognitive Disord. 2004;3(2):117–123.
15. Kim TY, Kim SY, Kim JW, Yoo BG, Lim BH, Ihn YK, et al. The Korean memory test (KMT) for elderly: Estimating validity and reliability. J Korean Geriatr Soc. 2006;10(2):77–85.
16. Korean Diabetes Association. Report of task force team for basic statistical study of Korean diabetes mellitus: Diabetes in Korea 2007. 1st ed. Seoul: Goldfishery; 2008.
17. Kwon YE, Kim YS. Factors related to self-management the elderly people with diabetes mellitus in a community-dwelling. J Korean Soc Living Environ Syst. 2011;18(1):92–100.
18. Lee KH, Kim HG. Limitations of mini mental state examination in assessing cognitive functions of Korean older adults. Korean J Psychol Gen. 2008;27(3):859–874.
19. Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Patel B, Tang MX, Manly JJ, Mayeux R. Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(4):570–575. Article PubMed
20. Nooyens AC, Baan CA, Spijkerman AM, Verschuren WM. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in middle-aged men and women: The doetinchem cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(9):1964–1969. PubMed PMC
21. Okereke OI, Kang JH, Cook NR, Gazian JM, Manson JE, Buring JE, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive decline in two large cohorts of community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(6):1028–1036. Article PubMed PDF
22. Rey A. L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique. Arch Psychol (Geneve). 1941;28:215–285.
23. So H, Kim HY. Measurement of cognitive functions of elderly. Korean J Rehabil Nurs. 2004;7(1):7–14.
24. Spreen O, Strauss E. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
25. Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1935;18:643–662. Article
26. Suk JS, Chey JY, Kim HY. An additional normative study of the Korean-dementia rating scale. Korean J Clin Psychol. 2010;29(2):559–572. Article
27. Wechsler D. WAIS-R manual. New York: Psychologocal Corporation; 1981.
28. Yoo BG, Yoon SJ, Kim KS, Yoo KM, Choi YS, Park YH. Cognitive Function in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetic Patients : P300 Event-related Potentials and Neuropsychological Tests. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1997;15(4):803–815.