1경상대학교 간호대학, 건강과학연구원 교수
2경상대학교 간호대학, 건강과학연구원 부교수
1Professor, College of Nursing, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
2Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
Copyright © 2023 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
None.
Authors’ contributions
Seo, Yeoung-Mi contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, writing-review & editing, investigation, and supervision. Lee, Eun Sook contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing-original draft, and investigation.
Data availability
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Characteristics | Categories | Total | Non fall | Single fall | Recurrent fall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%†) |
|||||
Total | 74,475 (100.0) | 61,439 (82.6) | 8,295 (11.3) | 4,741 (6.1) | |
Gender | Male | 30,944 (44.5) | 26,887 (46.8) | 2,475 (32.9) | 1,582 (35.8) |
Female | 43,531 (55.5) | 34,552 (53.2) | 5,820 (67.1) | 3,159 (64.2) | |
Age (yr) | 65-74 | 39,078 (57.1) | 33,262 (58.9) | 3,921 (49.0) | 1,895 (43.1) |
≥75 | 35,397 (42.9) | 28,177 (41.1) | 4,373 (51.0) | 2,846 (56.9) | |
Education level | ≤Elementary school | 44,644 (48.0) | 35,709 (46.2) | 5,519 (54.2) | 3,416 (61.6) |
Middle school | 12,658 (19.4) | 10,788 (19.8) | 1,253 (18.6) | 617 (15.7) | |
High school | 11,556 (20.7) | 10,025 (21.6) | 1,043 (17.6) | 488 (14.6) | |
≥College | 5,534 (11.8) | 4,848 (13.4) | 471 ( 9.6) | 215 ( 8.1) | |
Monthly income (104 Korean won) | Low | 27,387 (27.1) | 21,620 (25.8) | 3,526 (32.1) | 2,241 (36.7) |
Lower-middle | 31,680 (44.5) | 26,698 (45.1) | 3,265 (42.7) | 1,717 (39.9) | |
Upper-middle | 9,454 (17.1) | 8,081 (17.5) | 918 (15.3) | 455 (13.9) | |
High | 5,440 (11.3) | 4,612 (11.6) | 539 ( 9.9) | 289 ( 9.5) | |
Living alone | No | 55,299 (79.7) | 46,412 (80.8) | 5,710 (75.4) | 3,177 (72.7) |
Yes | 19,139 (20.3) | 14,995 (19.2) | 2,584 (24.6) | 1,560 (27.3) | |
Smoking status | Never smoked | 8,192 (62.3) | 38,849 (60.8) | 6,047 (70.4) | 3,296 (67.7) |
Current smoker | 6,508 ( 9.1) | 5,600 ( 9.5) | 535 ( 7.2) | 373 ( 7.8) | |
Ex-smoker | 19,772 (28.6) | 16,987 (29.7) | 1,713 (22.4) | 1,072 (24.4) | |
High risk drinking | No | 69,536 (93.3) | 57,263 (93.2) | 7,801 (93.4) | 4,472 (94.3) |
Yes | 4,933 (6.7) | 4,171 (6.8) | 494 (6.6) | 268 (5.7) | |
Physical activity | Inactive | 34,856 (42.6) | 27,760 (40.8) | 4,328 (48.9) | 2,768 (55.7) |
Minimally active | 27,031 (42.6) | 22,956 (43.8) | 2,757 (38.6) | 1,318 (33.2) | |
Health enhancing active | 12,483 (14.8) | 10,642 (15.4) | 1,196 (12.5) | 645 (11.1) | |
Perceived stress | No | 62,007 (83.2) | 52,207 (84.9) | 6,527 (78.7) | 3,273 (68.8) |
Yes | 12,358 (16.8) | 9,143 (15.1) | 1,758 (21.3) | 1,475 (31.2) | |
Depression | No | 70,367 (95.1) | 58,703 (96.2) | 7,649 (92.2) | 4,015 (85.0) |
Yes | 3,478 (4.9) | 2,259 (3.8) | 578 (7.8) | 641 (15.0) | |
Cognitive impairment | No | 52,548 (70.4) | 44,825 (72.8) | 5,223 (62.2) | 2,500 (52.9) |
Yes | 21,855 (29.6) | 16,558 (27.2) | 3,064 (37.8) | 2,233 (47.1) | |
Obesity | No | 44,658 (62.8) | 37,282 (63.2) | 4,745 (60.5) | 2,631 (61.5) |
Yes | 25,788 (37.2) | 21,159 (36.8) | 2,991 (39.5) | 1,638 (38.5) | |
Subjective health status | Not bad | 43,590 (45.6) | 38,013 (66.1) | 4,019 (52.6) | 1,558 (35.7) |
Bad | 30,878 (37.4) | 23,420 (33.9) | 4,275 (47.4) | 3,183 (64.3) | |
Hypertension | No | 33,538 (45.6) | 28,047 (46.3) | 3,508 (42.6) | 1,983 (41.5) |
Yes | 40,904 (54.4) | 33,369 (53.7) | 4,781 (57.4) | 2,754 (58.5) | |
Diabetes Mellitus | No | 58,405 (77.6) | 48,523 (78.3) | 6,400 (75.6) | 3,482 (71.3) |
Yes | 16,046 (22.4) | 12,898 (21.7) | 1,894 (24.4) | 1,254 (28.7) | |
Fear of falling | No | 29,907 (42.5) | 27,482 (47.1) | 1,745 (23.0) | 680 (15.4) |
Yes | 44,568 (57.5) | 33,957 (52.9) | 6,550 (77.0) | 4,061 (84.6) |
Characteristics | Categories | Total | Non fall | Single fall | Recurrent fall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (% |
|||||
Total | 74,475 (100.0) | 61,439 (82.6) | 8,295 (11.3) | 4,741 (6.1) | |
Gender | Male | 30,944 (44.5) | 26,887 (46.8) | 2,475 (32.9) | 1,582 (35.8) |
Female | 43,531 (55.5) | 34,552 (53.2) | 5,820 (67.1) | 3,159 (64.2) | |
Age (yr) | 65-74 | 39,078 (57.1) | 33,262 (58.9) | 3,921 (49.0) | 1,895 (43.1) |
≥75 | 35,397 (42.9) | 28,177 (41.1) | 4,373 (51.0) | 2,846 (56.9) | |
Education level | ≤Elementary school | 44,644 (48.0) | 35,709 (46.2) | 5,519 (54.2) | 3,416 (61.6) |
Middle school | 12,658 (19.4) | 10,788 (19.8) | 1,253 (18.6) | 617 (15.7) | |
High school | 11,556 (20.7) | 10,025 (21.6) | 1,043 (17.6) | 488 (14.6) | |
≥College | 5,534 (11.8) | 4,848 (13.4) | 471 ( 9.6) | 215 ( 8.1) | |
Monthly income (104 Korean won) | Low | 27,387 (27.1) | 21,620 (25.8) | 3,526 (32.1) | 2,241 (36.7) |
Lower-middle | 31,680 (44.5) | 26,698 (45.1) | 3,265 (42.7) | 1,717 (39.9) | |
Upper-middle | 9,454 (17.1) | 8,081 (17.5) | 918 (15.3) | 455 (13.9) | |
High | 5,440 (11.3) | 4,612 (11.6) | 539 ( 9.9) | 289 ( 9.5) | |
Living alone | No | 55,299 (79.7) | 46,412 (80.8) | 5,710 (75.4) | 3,177 (72.7) |
Yes | 19,139 (20.3) | 14,995 (19.2) | 2,584 (24.6) | 1,560 (27.3) | |
Smoking status | Never smoked | 8,192 (62.3) | 38,849 (60.8) | 6,047 (70.4) | 3,296 (67.7) |
Current smoker | 6,508 ( 9.1) | 5,600 ( 9.5) | 535 ( 7.2) | 373 ( 7.8) | |
Ex-smoker | 19,772 (28.6) | 16,987 (29.7) | 1,713 (22.4) | 1,072 (24.4) | |
High risk drinking | No | 69,536 (93.3) | 57,263 (93.2) | 7,801 (93.4) | 4,472 (94.3) |
Yes | 4,933 (6.7) | 4,171 (6.8) | 494 (6.6) | 268 (5.7) | |
Physical activity | Inactive | 34,856 (42.6) | 27,760 (40.8) | 4,328 (48.9) | 2,768 (55.7) |
Minimally active | 27,031 (42.6) | 22,956 (43.8) | 2,757 (38.6) | 1,318 (33.2) | |
Health enhancing active | 12,483 (14.8) | 10,642 (15.4) | 1,196 (12.5) | 645 (11.1) | |
Perceived stress | No | 62,007 (83.2) | 52,207 (84.9) | 6,527 (78.7) | 3,273 (68.8) |
Yes | 12,358 (16.8) | 9,143 (15.1) | 1,758 (21.3) | 1,475 (31.2) | |
Depression | No | 70,367 (95.1) | 58,703 (96.2) | 7,649 (92.2) | 4,015 (85.0) |
Yes | 3,478 (4.9) | 2,259 (3.8) | 578 (7.8) | 641 (15.0) | |
Cognitive impairment | No | 52,548 (70.4) | 44,825 (72.8) | 5,223 (62.2) | 2,500 (52.9) |
Yes | 21,855 (29.6) | 16,558 (27.2) | 3,064 (37.8) | 2,233 (47.1) | |
Obesity | No | 44,658 (62.8) | 37,282 (63.2) | 4,745 (60.5) | 2,631 (61.5) |
Yes | 25,788 (37.2) | 21,159 (36.8) | 2,991 (39.5) | 1,638 (38.5) | |
Subjective health status | Not bad | 43,590 (45.6) | 38,013 (66.1) | 4,019 (52.6) | 1,558 (35.7) |
Bad | 30,878 (37.4) | 23,420 (33.9) | 4,275 (47.4) | 3,183 (64.3) | |
Hypertension | No | 33,538 (45.6) | 28,047 (46.3) | 3,508 (42.6) | 1,983 (41.5) |
Yes | 40,904 (54.4) | 33,369 (53.7) | 4,781 (57.4) | 2,754 (58.5) | |
Diabetes Mellitus | No | 58,405 (77.6) | 48,523 (78.3) | 6,400 (75.6) | 3,482 (71.3) |
Yes | 16,046 (22.4) | 12,898 (21.7) | 1,894 (24.4) | 1,254 (28.7) | |
Fear of falling | No | 29,907 (42.5) | 27,482 (47.1) | 1,745 (23.0) | 680 (15.4) |
Yes | 44,568 (57.5) | 33,957 (52.9) | 6,550 (77.0) | 4,061 (84.6) |
Characteristics | Categories | Non fall (n=61,439) | Single fall (n=8,295) | Recurrent fall (n=4,741) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without FOF | With FOF | p | Without FOF | With FOF | p | Without FOF | With FOF | p | ||
%†(SE) | %†(SE) | %†(SE) | ||||||||
Gender | Male | 61.6 (0.4) | 38.4 (0.4) | <.001 | 37.7 (1.0) | 62.3 (1.0) | <.001 | 25.2 (0.9) | 74.8 (0.9) | <.001 |
Female | 34.4 (0.3) | 65.6 (0.3) | 15.8 (0.5) | 84.2 (0.5) | 10.0 (0.5) | 90.0 (0.5) | ||||
Age | 65-74 | 56.7 (0.4) | 43.3 (0.4) | <.001 | 30.3 (0.8) | 69.7 (0.8) | <.001 | 22.5 (0.8) | 77.5 (0.8) | <.001 |
≥75 | 33.4 (0.4) | 66.6 (0.4) | 15.4 (0.6) | 84.6 (0.6) | 10.1 (0.5) | 89.9 (0.5) | ||||
Education level | ≤Elementary school | 36.7 (0.4) | 63.3 (0.4) | <.001 | 16.7 (0.6) | 83.3 (0.6) | <.001 | 11.0 (0.4) | 89.0 (0.4) | <.001 |
Middle school | 51.6 (0.6) | 48.4 (0.6) | 28.0 (1.3) | 72.0 (1.3) | 20.6 (1.4) | 79.4 (1.4) | ||||
High school | 57.4 (0.6) | 42.6 (0.6) | 31.0 (1.3) | 69.0 (1.3) | 21.8 (1.3) | 78.2 (1.3) | ||||
≥College | 60.7 (0.8) | 39.3 (0.8) | 33.4 (1.9) | 66.6 (1.9) | 28.1.(2.2) | 71.9 (2.2) | ||||
Monthly income (104 Korean won) | ≤100 | 37.2 (0.5) | 62.8 (0.5) | <.001 | 15.9 (0.7) | 84.1 (0.7) | <.001 | 11.8 (0.7) | 88.2 (0.7) | <.001 |
101-300 | 49.2 (0.4) | 50.8 (0.4) | 26.0 (0.8) | 74.0 (0.8) | 17.4 (0.6) | 82.6 (0.6) | ||||
301-500 | 53.6 (0.7) | 46.4 (0.7) | 29.3 (1.4) | 70.7 (1.4) | 19.0 (1.2) | 81.0 (1.2) | ||||
≥501 | 52.0 (0.9) | 48.0 (0.9) | 23.7 (1.6) | 76.3 (1.6) | 17.5 (1.6) | 82.5 (1.6) | ||||
Living alone | No | 49.8 (0.3) | 50.2 (0.3) | <.001 | 25.4 (0.6) | 74.6 (0.6) | <.001 | 17.2 (0.5) | 82.8 (0.8) | <.001 |
Yes | 36.0 (0.5) | 64.0 (0.5) | 15.8 (0.9) | 84.2 (0.9) | 10.6 (0.8) | 84.6 (0.4) | ||||
Smoking status | Never smoked | 38.7 (0.3) | 61.3 (0.3) | <.001 | 17.6 (0.5) | 82.4 (0.5) | <.001 | 11.1 (0.5) | 88.9 (0.5) | <.001 |
Current smoker | 63.4 (0.8) | 36.6 (0.8) | 38.0 (2.3) | 62.0 (2.3) | 24.4 (1.6) | 75.6 (1.6) | ||||
Ex-smoker | 59.2 (0.5) | 40.8 (0.5) | 35.4 (1.1) | 64.6 (1.1) | 24.7 (1.1) | 75.3 (1.1) | ||||
High risk drinking | No | 46.1 (0.3) | 53.9 (0.3) | <.001 | 22.1 (0.5) | 77.9 (0.5) | <.001 | 14.8 (0.4) | 85.2 (0.4) | <.001 |
Yes | 61.4 (1.0) | 38.6 (1.0) | 35.2 (2.5) | 64.8 (2.5) | 26.9 (2.1) | 73.1 (2.1) | ||||
Physical activity | Inactive | 36.9 (0.4) | 63.1 (0.4) | <.001 | 16.2 (0.6) | 83.8 (0.6) | <.001 | 10.6 (0.4) | 89.4 (0.4) | <.001 |
Minimally active | 51.4 (0.4) | 48.6 (0.4) | 28.5 (0.6) | 71.5 (0.8) | 18.7 (0.9) | 81.3 (0.9) | ||||
Health enhancing active | 62.0 (0.7) | 38.0 (0.7) | <.001 | 33.5 (1.5) | 66.5 (1.5) | <.001 | 28.7 (1.6) | 71.3 (1.6) | <.001 | |
Perceived stress | No | 48.9 (0.3) | 51.1 (0.3) | <.001 | 25.4 (0.5) | 74.6 (0.5) | <.001 | 17.7 (0.6) | 82.3 (0.6) | <.001 |
Yes | 37.6 (0.7) | 62.4 (0.7) | 14.3 (1.0) | 85.7 (1.0) | 10.6 (0.7) | 89.4 (0.7) | ||||
Depression | No | 48.3 (0.3) | 51.7 (0.3) | <.001 | 24.4 (0.5) | 75.6 (0.5) | <.001 | 17.0 (0.5) | 83.0 (0.5) | <.001 |
Yes | 20.2 (1.1) | 79.8 (1.1) | 7.4 (1.2) | 92.6 (1.2) | 7.3 (0.9) | 92.7 (0.9) | ||||
Cognitive decline | No | 51.2 (0.3) | 48.8 (0.3) | <.001 | 27.2 (0.6) | 72.8 (0.6) | <.001 | 19.7 (0.6) | 80.3 (0.6) | <.001 |
Yes | 36.3 (0.5) | 63.7 (0.5) | 16.1 (1.0) | 83.9 (1.0) | 10.7 (0.9) | 89.3 (1.0) | ||||
Obesity | No | 48.7 (0.3) | 51.3 (0.3) | .002 | 25.2 (0.6) | 74.8 (0.6) | .004 | 15.8 (0.7) | 84.2 (0.7) | .269 |
Yes | 46.9 (0.5) | 53.1 (0.5) | 22.2 (0.8) | 77.8 (0.8) | 16.9 (0.7) | 83.1 (0.7) | ||||
Subjective health status | Bad | 29.7 (0.4) | 70.3 (0.4) | <.001 | 12.7 (0.6) | 87.3 (0.6) | <.001 | 9.4 (0.4) | 90.6(0.4) | <.001 |
Not bad | 56.1 (0.3) | 43.9 (0.3) | 32.3 (0.7) | 67.7 (0.7) | 26.4 (0.9) | 73.6 (0.9) | ||||
Hypertension | No | 51.3 (0.4) | 48.7 (0.4) | <.001 | 26.9 (0.8) | 73.1 (0.8) | <.001 | 18.7 (0.8) | 81.3 (0.8) | <.001 |
Yes | 43.6 (0.4) | 56.4 (0.4) | 20.2 (0.6) | 79.8 (0.6) | 13.2 (0.4) | 86.8 (0.4) | ||||
Diabetes Mellitus | No | 48.1 (0.3) | 59.2 (0.7) | <.001 | 23.8 (0.6) | 76.2 (0.6) | .017 | 16.0 (0.5) | 84.0 (0.5) | .093 |
Yes | 43.5 (0.6) | 56.5 (0.6) | 20.8 (1.0) | 79.2 (1.0) | 14.2 (0.8) | 85.8 (0.8) |
Characteristics (reference) | Categories | Non fall (n=61,439) |
Single fall (n=8,295) |
Recurrent fall (n=4,741) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR† (95% CI) | p | OR† (95% CI) | p | OR† (95% CI) | p | |||
Gender (ref. male) | Female | 2.55 (2.35-2.76) | <.001 | 2.54 (1.96-3.29) | <.001 | 1.97 (1.31-2.97) | .001 | |
Age (ref. 65-74 yrs) | ≥75 yrs | 2.07 (1.96-2.19) | <.001 | 1.98 (1.67-2.36) | <.001 | 1.88 (1.46-2.43) | <.001 | |
Education level | ≤Elementary school | 1.19 (1.09-1.31) | <.001 | 0.95 (0.70-1.28) | .391 | 1.45 (0.91-2.31) | .105 | |
(ref. ≥College) | Middle school | 1.08 (0.98-1.19) | 0.81 (0.59-1.11) | 1.13 (0.68-1.89) | ||||
High school | 0.99 (0.90-1.09) | 0.88 (0.64-1.22) | 0.99 (0.61-1.63) | |||||
Monthly income(104 Korean won) (ref. ≥501) | ≤100 | 0.95 (0.86-1.06) | .758 | 1.06 (0.75-1.50) | .137 | 0.68 (0.40-1.17) | .229 | |
101-300 | 0.98 (0.89-1.07) | 0.96 (0.71-1.31) | 0.91 (0.56-1.49) | |||||
301-500 | 0.97 (0.87-1.07) | 0.77 (0.54-1.09) | 0.84 (0.48-1.46) | |||||
Living alone (ref. no) | Yes | 1.12 (1.05-1.20) | .001 | 1.08 (0.88-1.34) | .456 | 1.29 (0.93-1.79) | .128 | |
Smoking status | Current smoker | 0.83 (0.75-0.92) | <.001 | 0.70 (0.51-0.97) | .090 | 0.81 (0.50-1.32) | .627 | |
(ref. never smoker) | Ex-smoker | 1.00 (0.92-1.09) | 0.93 (0.71-1.21) | 0.84 (0.57-1.25) | ||||
High risk drinking (ref. no) | Yes | 0.82 (0.74-0.90) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.64-1.21) | .418 | 0.80 (0.51-1.26) | .339 | |
Physical activity | Inactive | 1.50 (1.39-1.61) | <.001 | 1.24 (1.02-1.56) | .004 | 1.48 (1.07-2.07) | .065 | |
(ref. health enhancing active) | Minimally active | 1.21 (1.13-1.30) | 0.93 (0.74-1.17) | 1.34 (0.95-1.89) | ||||
Perceived stress (ref. no) | Yes | 1.16 (1.08-1.25) | <001 | 1.44 (1.15-1.79) | .001 | 1.19 (0.88-1.61) | .255 | |
Depression (ref. no) | Yes | 1.72 (1.45-2.04) | <.001 | 1.56 (1.02-2.39) | .039 | 1.21 (0.74-1.97) | .450 | |
Cognitive impairment (ref. no) | Yes | 1.41 (1.33-1.49) | <.001 | 1.53 (1.28-1.82) | <.001 | 1.48 (1.15-1.92) | .003 | |
Obesity (ref. no) | Yes | 1.01 (0.96-1.07) | .622 | 1.11 (0.94-1.31) | .235 | 0.92 (0.71-1.18) | .501 | |
Subjective health status (ref. not bad) | Bad | 1.94 (1.84-2.05) | <.001 | 2.10 (1.76-2.50) | <.001 | 2.26 (1.74-2.93) | <.001 | |
Hypertension (ref. no) | Yes | 1.14 (1.08-1.19) | <.001 | 1.14 (0.97-1.34) | .100 | 1.16 (0.90-1.50) | .253 | |
Diabetes Mellitus (ref. no) | Yes | 1.09 (1.02-1.15) | .007 | 1.03 (0.84-1.26) | .802 | 0.93 (0.70-1.23) | .610 |
weighted %.
FOF=Fear Of Falling; †weighted %; SE=Standard Error
All the values are adjusted for statistical comparisons; OR=Odds Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; ref.=reference