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Analysis of Levels of Health-related Quality of Life and Its Related Factors of Traditional Market Merchants

Article information

Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2019;30(4):437-448
Publication date (electronic) : 2019 December 12
doi : https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.4.437
Keung-Mi Shin, Young-Sil Bae
Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, Ulsan, Korea
Corresponding author: Bae, Young-Sil Department of Nursing, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, 9, Daehak-gil, Ungchon-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44965, Korea. Tel: +82-52-270-0173, Fax: +82-52-270-0189, E-mail: youngsilb@ch.ac.kr
Received 2019 February 20; Revised 2019 August 25; Accepted 2019 October 15.

Abstract

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify levels of health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and its related factors among merchants in traditional markets.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected through questionnaires and physical examination on blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol and BMI between February 12 and April 13, 2018. The participants were 175 merchants from two traditional markets in U. Metropolitan city. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program.

Results

Levels of health-related EQ-5D were significantly different according to demographic characteristics, smoking status, exercise, total cholesterol, BMI, subjective health status, stress, and depression. The EQ-5D related factors were variables that had significant influence on subjective health status (β=.30, p<.001), gender (β=.27, p<.001), BMI (β=-.16, p=.012), depression (β=-.17, p=.010), and working period (β=-.15, p=.021). They explained 27.2% of the total variance of health-related quality of life (F=13.91, p<.001).

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicated that disease prevention and health management is essential for merchants who work in traditional markets to promote their health-related quality of life. For better merchants outcome, the intervention program should consider factors that are subjective health status, gender, BMI, depression, and working period in order to improve levels of EQ-5D.

Keywords: Health; Quality of life; Depression

Distribution of Health-related EQ-5D Levels according to Demographic Characteristics (N=175)

Distribution of Health-related EQ-5D Levels according to Health Behaviors (N=175)

Distribution of Health-related EQ-5D Levels according to Health Status (N=175)

Correlations of Related Variables with Health-related EQ-5D (N=175)

Factors Influencing Health-related EQ-5D (N=175)

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Table 1.

Distribution of Health-related EQ-5D Levels according to Demographic Characteristics (N=175)

Characteristics Categories Quality of life (EQ-5D)
 t or F p Duncan
n (%) M±SD
Gender Male 57 (32.6) 0.90±0.07 16.35 ＜.001
Female 118 (67.4) 0.84±0.10
Age (year) ≤50 32 (18.3) 0.89±0.09b 2.48 .034 a＜b
51~60 66 (37.3) 0.88±0.08b
61~70 66 (37.3) 0.84±0.10ab
≥71 11 (6.3) 0.82±0.17a
Education No education 4 (2.3) 0.85±0.11ab 2.52 .043 a＜b
Elementary school 38 (21.7) 0.83±0.09a
Middle school 45 (25.7) 0.86±0.09ab
High school 75 (42.9) 0.88±0.10ab
≥College 13 (7.4) 0.92±0.03b
Working period on traditional market (year) ≤10 68 (38.9) 0.89±0.07b 3.11 .028 a＜b
11~20 40 (22.9) 0.85±0.10ab
21~30 42 (24.0) 0.86±0.11ab
≥31 25 (14.2) 0.83±0.13a
Monthly income (10.000 won) ≤100 52 (29.7) 0.84±0.12a 2.91 .036 a＜b
101~200 70 (40.0) 0.87±0.09ab
201~300 28 (16.0) 0.86±0.10a
≥301 25 (14.3) 0.91±0.04b
Chronic disease Don't have 67 (38.3) 0.88±0.08 6.65 .011
Have 108 (61.7) 0.84±0.11
  Hypertension 47 (43.5) 0.85±0.12
  Diabetes 17 (15.8) 0.82±0.15
  Hypercholesterolemia 14 (13.0) 0.81±0.16
  Osteoporosis 4 (3.7) 0.91±0.06
  Others 26 (24.0) 0.79±0.14

EQ-5D=EuroQoL-5Dimentional.

Table 2.

Distribution of Health-related EQ-5D Levels according to Health Behaviors (N=175)

Characteristics Categories Quality of life (EQ-5D)
 t or F p
n (%) M±SD
Drinking status Yes 77 (44.0) 0.87±0.09 1.34 .247
Nondrinking 98 (56.0) 0.85±0.10
Smoking status Yes 24 (13.7) 0.92±0.05 3.75 .025
Nonsmoker 138 (78.9) 0.86±0.10
Ex-smoker 13 (7.4) 0.88±0.12
Exercise Yes 58 (33.1) 0.89±0.06 8.00 .005
No 117 (66.9) 0.85±0.11
Walking Yes 140 (80.0) 0.87±0.10 0.96 .328
(more than 10 minute/during working hours) No 35 (20.0) 0.85±0.10
Standing (time/day) 1~3 51 (29.1) 0.84±0.11 1.77 .172
4~6 49 (28.0) 0.87±0.10
≥7 75 (42.7) 0.87±0.08
Sitting (time/day) 1~3 94 (53.7) 0.86±0.10 2.76 .066
4~6 52 (29.7) 0.88±0.07
≥7 29 (16.6) 0.82±0.10

EQ-5D=EuroQoL-5Dimentional.

Table 3.

Distribution of Health-related EQ-5D Levels according to Health Status (N=175)

Characteristics Categories Quality of life (EQ-5D)
 t or F p Duncan
n (%) M±SD
BP-systolic (mmHg) ＜120 43 (24.6) 0.86±0.09 0.04 .989
120~139 70 (40.0) 0.86±0.09
140~159 42 (24.0) 0.86±0.11
≥160 20 (11.4) 0.86±0.10
BP-diastolic (mmHg) ＜80 39 (22.3) 0.86±0.09 0.16 .851
80~89 70 (40.0) 0.86±0.10
90~99 34 (19.4) 0.86±0.10
≥100 32 (18.3) 0.86±0.09
Blood glucose (mg/dL) Normal 138 (78.9) 0.86±0.09 0.17 .837
Impaired glucose tolerance 27 (15.4) 0.87±0.10
Diabete mellitus 10 (5.7) 0.85±0.17
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) ≤199 68 (38.9) 0.88±0.08 3.74 .042
≥200 107 (61.1) 0.85±0.11
BMI (kg/m²) Under-weight 2 (1.1) 0.76±0.01 3.51 .017
Normal weight 86 (49.1) 0.88±0.09
Overweight 75 (42.9) 0.86±0.10
Obesity 12 (6.9) 0.79±0.12
Subjective health status Very good 8 (4.6) 0.90±0.06b 19.90 ＜.001 a＜b
Good 18 (10.3) 0.88±0.07b
Fair 93 (53.1) 0.88±0.06b
Poor 48 (27.4) 0.83±0.10b
Very poor 8 (4.6) 0.62±0.15a
Stress Normal 43 (24.6) 0.88±0.06b 4.13 .018 a＜b
Potential stress 108 (61.7) 0.86±0.09b
High risk stress 24 (13.7) 0.81±0.15a
Depression Normal 121 (69.1) 0.88±0.08b 8.04 ＜.001 a＜b
Weak depression 41 (23.4) 0.87±0.10b
Mild depression 12 (6.9) 0.73±0.17ab
Severe depression 1 (0.6) 0.77±0.01a
Health-related quality of life 0.86±0.01

EQ-5D=EuroQoL-5Dimentional; BP=blood pressure; BMI=body mass index.

Table 4.

Correlations of Related Variables with Health-related EQ-5D (N=175)

Categories 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
1. Gender 1
2. Education -.23 (.002) 1
3. Age .14 (.050) -.48 (＜.001) 1
4. Working period .02 (.762) -.47 (＜.001) .48 (＜.001) 1
5. Household income -.22 (.003) .40 (＜.001) -.34 (＜.001) -.29 (＜.001) 1
6. Chronic disease -.04 (.571) .21 (.004) -.37 (＜.001) -.23 (.002) .15 (.044) 1
7. Smoking .19 (.008) -.09 (.221) .29 (＜.001) .15 (.038) -.13 (.087) -.19 (.009) 1
8. Exercise .08 (.289) -.21 (.005) -.05 (.515) -.12 (.109) -.11 (.135) .04 (.560) -.12 (.103) 1
9. Total cholesterol .32 (＜.001) -.09 (.217) .05 (.491) -.01 (.974) -.05 (.452) .05 (.443) .12 (.109) -.03 (.615) 1
10. BMI -.04 (.439) -.23 (.008) .19 (.055) .17 (.159) -.23 (.002) -.11 (.291) .02 (.181) .16 (.104) -.01 (.985) 1
11. Subjective health status -.04 (.599) -.05 (.408) -.08 (.272) -.17 (.023) .01 (.968) .17 (.019) -.07 (.340) -.15 (.038) -.13 (.077) .01 (.596) 1
12. Stress -.04 (.565) .19 (.011) -.20 (.008) -.12 (.099) .04 (.553) -.01 (.950) -.12 (.093) .17 (.022) .03 (.683) .01 (.610) -.32 (＜.001) 1
13. Depression .01 (.908) .01 (.868) -.18 (.013) .06 (.405) .01 (.932) -.08 (.246) -.01 (.868) .25 (.001) .05 (.510) .10 (.337) -.20 (.006) .36 (＜.001) 1
14. Quality of life (EQ-5D) -.29 (＜.001) -.20 (.007) -.20 (.006) -.21 (.005) .19 (.009) .19 (.011) -.13 (.086) -.21 (.005) -.14 (.055) -23 (.034) .37 (＜.001) -.21 (.004) -.28 (＜.001) 1

Dummy variables=Gender (male/female); Education (no education/education); Chronic disease (don't have/have); Smoking (yes/no); Exercise (yes/no); Subjective health status (healthy/unhealthy); EQ-5D=EuroQoL-5Dimentioal; BMI=body mass index.

Table 5.

Factors Influencing Health-related EQ-5D (N=175)

Variables B SE β t p
(Constant) 0.88 .04 21.00 ＜.001
Subjective health status 0.03 .00 .30 4.43 ＜.001
Gender 0.06 .01 .27 4.23 ＜.001
BMI -0.02 .01 -.16 -2.55 .012
Depression -0.02 .01 -.17 -2.62 .010
Working period -0.01 .01 -.15 -2.33 .021
R2=.29, Adj. R2=.27, F=13.91 1, p＜.001

EQ-5D=EuroQoL-5Dimentional; SE=standard error; BMI=body mass index; Adj. R2 =Adjusted R2.