Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.

Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.

The Effects of Socio-demographic Factors, Acculturation Stress and Resilience on Depression among Mothers-in-law in Multicultural Families

Article information

Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2015;26(3):221-229
Publication date (electronic) : 2015 September 30
doi : https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.3.221
Dong-Hee Kim, Sang-Hwa Lee, Young-Sil Bae, Yi-Kyung Ha
Collage of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.
Corresponding author: Lee, Sang-Hwa. Collage of Nursing, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea. Tel: +82-51-510-8338, Fax: +82-51-510-8308, 1967shl@naver.com
Received 2015 June 17; Revised 2015 September 03; Accepted 2015 September 14.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing depression among mothers-in-law in multicultural families.

Methods

For this study, 159 participants from multicultural familieswere recruited through administrative units of the B. & U. Metropolitan City and G. Province. Data related to acculturation stress, resilience, and depression were collected fromApril to August 2014 and analyzed through t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 22.0 for Windows program.

Results

The participants had a moderate level of acculturation stress (2.43±0.75: range 1~5) and resilience (4.74±1.14: range 1~7). About 58% of the participants had depression. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that mothersin-law's depression was affected by resilience (β=-1.17, p<.001), acculturation stress (β=0.85, p=.026), perceived economic level (β=-0.83, p=.016), difficulty in physical activity (β=-0.62, p=.027), relationship satisfaction (β=-0.51, p=.035), and education level (β=-0.48, p=.033). The explanatory power of these factors was 35%.

Conclusion

The findings indicated the need to lower the level of depression by enhancing resilience and reducing acculturation stress among mothers-in-law in multicultural families. Future research to reduce depression among mothers-in-law inmulticultural families should consider how to enhance resilience and reduce acculturation stress.

Keywords: Elderly; Depression; Acculturation; Psychological resilience

Notes

This study was supported by Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University.

References

1. Gameiro GR, Minguini IP, Alves TCdTF. The role of stress and life events in the onset of depression in the elderly. Revista de Medicina(São Paulo) 2014;93(1):31–40. 10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v93i1p31-40.
2. Djernes JK. Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: A review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113(5):372–387. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x.
3. Oh S, Ko Y. Activities of daily living, depression, and selfrated health and related factors in Korean elderly: Focused on socioeconomic status and family support. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2015;26(2):140–149. 10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.140.
4. Kee BS. A preliminary study for the standardization of geriatric depression scale short form-Korea version. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1996;35(2):298–307.
5. Kim YJ. Comparison of health habits, perceived stress, depression, and suicidal thinking by gender between elders living alone and those living with others. J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs 2009;16(3):333–344.
6. Seong EY, Kwon JE, Hwang ST. A qualitative study on the conflict of mother-in-laws of multicultural families: Focusing on the rural areas. Korean J Woman Psychol 2012;17(3):363–383.
7. Kim KH, Park GS, Sun JJ. Stress of mothers-in-law from multicultural families. J Korean Acad Adult Nurs 2009;21(6):639–651.
8. Yang JH, Park HJ, Kim SS, Kang EJ, Byun SH, Bang JS. Adaptation experience to family of immigrant women in multicultural families. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(1):36–47. 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.1.36.
9. Seong EY, Hwang ST. A study on the conflict of mother-inlaw and daughter-in-law, coping strategies, mental health in multicultural family. Korean J Woman Psychol 2013;18(1):243–256.
10. Kim JE, Kim HM. Depression among elderly in multicultural families. J Korean Gerontol Soc 2013;33(1):143–162.
11. Kim HS. Impacts of acculturation & acculturative stress on depression among international marriage migrant women. Health Soc Sci 2012;32:43–74.
12. Jin XY, Choo SY, Lim SM. The relationships between acculturation, ethnic group and psychological well-being, depression of foreign students in Korea. Korean J Cult Soc Issues 2014;20(1):1–18.
13. Sung MO, Lee HJ. The influences of conflict between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law on the family relationship of the female elderly. J Welf Aged 2002;18:185–206.
14. Kim KS, Kim MK. Maternal acculturation process of married immigrant women in Korea. J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(1):1–12. 10.4040/jkan.2014.44.1.1 .
15. Lee EH. The effects of acculturation stress on mental health of Korean rural mothers-in-law with foreign daughters-in-law: Focusing on the mediation effect on the quality of relationship between daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law. J Soc Work Pract 2011;10:105–133.
16. American Psychological Association. 2011 the road to resilience [Internet] Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2011. cited 2015 March 07. Available from: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx.
17. Perna L, Mielck A, Lacruz ME, Emeny RT, Holle R, Breitfelder A, et al. Socioeconomic position, resilience, and health behaviour among elderly people. Int J Public Health 2012;57(2):341–349. 10.1007/s00038-011-0294-0.
18. Felten BS. Resilience in a multicultural sample of communitydwelling women older than age 85. Clin Nurs Res 2000;9(2):102–123. 10.1177/105477380000900202.
19. Jung MK. Lee KM. A path analysis of stress, depression, optimism, and resilience in the elderly. J Korean Gerontol Soc 2010;30(2):629–642.
20. Erdfelder E, Faul F, Buchner A. G-power: A general power analysis program. Behav Res Methods Instr Comput 1996;28(1):1–11.
21. Sandhu DS, Asrabadi BR. Development of an acculturative stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychol Rep 1994;75(1):435–448.
22. Chung SD, Park HJ. Development and validation of the scale to measure acculturation stress of parents-in-law who have a foreign daughter-in-law. Korean J Soc Welf 2011;63(2):319–336.
23. Wagnild GM, Young HM. Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilence scale. J Nurs Meas 1993;1(2):165–178.
24. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A prelininary report. J Psychiatr Res 1983;17(1):37–49.
25. Jeon KT, Chung HS, Kim YS, Kim YR, Joo JS, Kim H, et al. A study on the national survey of multicultural families 2012. Research Report Seoul: The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family; 2013. January. Report No.: 2012-59.
26. Lee SH, Jun SS. Effects of an empowerment program on selfesteem and depression for low-income elderly women living alone. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2012;21(4):311–320.
27. Miller AM, Chandler PJ. Acculturation, resilience, and depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union. Nurs Res 2002;51(1):26–32.
28. Jeon YJ. The effect of the elderly's stress on depression - Focused on mediating effect of resilience and moderating effect of social activity. Korean J Hum Ecol 2015;24(2):219–236. 10.5934/kjhe.2015.24.2.219.
29. Wells M. Resilience in rural community-dwelling older adults. J Rural Health 2009;25(4):415–419. 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00253.x.
30. Maier H, Klumb PL. Social participation and survival at older ages: Is the effect driven by activity content or context? Eur J Ageing 2005;2(1):31–39.

Article information Continued

© 2015 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funded by : Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University

Table 1

General Characteristics (N=159)

Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD
Residence Metropolis 90 (56.6)
Micropolis 21 (13.2)
Rural 48 (30.2)
Age (year) 69.4±7.42
≤64 40 (25.2)
65~70 48 (30.2)
≥71 71 (44.6)
Education level None 39 (24.5)
Elementary school 69 (43.4)
≥Middle school 51 (32.1)
Perception of economic level Highly 12 (7.5)
Average 99 (62.3)
Lower 48 (30.2)
Chronic disease No 31 (19.5)
Yes 128 (80.5)
Difficulty in physical activity No 57 (35.8)
Yes 102 (64.2)
Meeting time with someone (time/yr) ≤6 18 (11.3)
7~12 33 (20.8)
≥13 108 (67.9)
Cohabitation period (month) 44.0±40.45
≤12 38 (23.9)
13~60 79 (49.7)
≥61 42 (26.4)
Daughter-in-law's Korean-level High 65 (40.9)
Moderate 36 (22.6)
Low 58 (36.5)
Relationship with daughter-in-law Satisfied 70 (44.0)
Somehow 53 (33.3)
Unsatisfied 36 (22.6)
Ethnocentrism Disagree 18 (11.3)
Somehow 105 (66.0)
Agree 36 (22.7)

Table 2

Level of Acculturation Stress, Resilience, and Depression (N=159)

variable n (%) M±SD Range
Acculturation stress 2.4 ±0.75
 Inconveniences of living 2.4 ±0.79 1~5
 Perceived discrimination 2.3 ±0.91 1~5
 Conflict due to value differences 2.4 ±0.75 1~5
Resilience 4.7 ±1.14 1~7
 Personal competence 4.8 ±1.17 1~7
 Acceptance of self and life 4.7 ±1.18 1~7
  Very high 6 (3.8) 91.0 ±0.00 91~98
  High 8 (5.0) 84.5 ±2.51 82~90
  Moderate high 26 (16.4) 77.2 ±2.10 74~81
  Moderate low 34 (21.4) 69.4 ±2.88 65~73
  Low 27 (17.0) 61.0 ±2.49 57~64
  Very low 58 (36.5) 46.1 ±7.86 14~56
Depression 5.5 ±3.65
 Normal 66 (41.5) 2.0 ±1.40 1~4
 Mild depression 65 (40.9) 6.7 ±1.34 5~9
 Sever depression 28 (17.6) 11.1 ±1.35 10~15

Table 3

Differences of Acculturative Stress, Resilience, and Depression according to General Characteristics (N=159)

Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD Acculturation stress
(1~5)		 Resilience
(1~7)		 Depression
(0~15)
M±SD x2 or t or F (p) M±SD x2 or t or F (p) M±SD x2 or t or F (p)
Residence Metropolis 90 (56.6) 2.4±0.70 0.96
(.385)		 4.7±1.07 0.61
(.543)		 3.5±0.37 1.21
(.385)
Micropolis 21 (13.2) 2.3±0.65 4.5±1.00 3.7±0.81
Rural 48 (30.2) 2.5±0.87 4.9±1.33 3.8±0.55
Age (year) 69.37±7.42 1.76
(.176)		 0.41
(.664)		 0.20
(.817)
≤64 40 (25.2) 2.6±0.81 4.9±1.16 5.3±3.41
65~70 48 (30.2) 2.3±0.74 4.7±1.13 5.4±3.90
≥71 71 (44.6) 2.4±0.71 4.7±1.15 5.7±3.65
Education level None 39 (24.5) 2.5±0.64 0.78
(.462)		 4.5±0.98 1.43
(.243)		 6.7±3.51a 3.60
(.030)
a>c
Elementary school 69 (43.4) 2.5±0.78 4.9±1.20 5.4±3.87b
Others 51 (32.1) 2.3±0.79 4.7±1.16 4.7±3.25c
Perception of economic level† Highly 12 (7.5) 2.1±0.88a 10.16
(.006)
a>b>c		 4.9±1.02 0.29
(.865)		 2.8±2.13a 13.14
(.001)
a>b>c
Average 99 (62.3) 2.3±0.68b 4.8±1.18 5.2±3.66b
Lower 48 (30.2) 2.7±0.78c 4.7±1.10 6.8±3.51c
Chronic disease No 31 (19.5) 2.5±0.73 0.40
(.689)		 4.7±1.15 -0.16
(.874)		 5.2±3.74 -0.49
(.624)
Yes 128 (80.5) 2.4±0.76 4.8±1.14 5.6±3.64
Difficulty in physical activity No 57 (35.8) 2.4±0.70 0.48
(.632)		 4.8±1.13 -0.60
(.547)		 4.5±3.48 2.70
(.008)
Yes 102 (64.2) 2.5±0.78 4.7±1.15 6.1±3.64
Meeting time with someone (time/year)† ≤6 18 (11.3) 2.2±0.79a 2.90
(.235)		 5.3±0.86a 6.27
(.044)
a>b		 5.1±3.59 0.94
(.624)
7~12 33 (20.8) 2.5±0.45b 4.4±1.17b 5.9±3.35
≥13 108 (67.9) 2.5±0.81c 4.8±1.15c 5.5±3.77
Cohabitation period (month) ≤12 38 (23.9) 2.4±0.53 0.36
(.697)		 4.3±1.03 3.52
(.052)		 5.6±3.51 0.77
(.465)
13~60 79 (49.7) 2.5±0.84 4.9±1.18 5.2±3.79
≥61 42 (26.4) 2.4±0.75 4.9±1.09 6.1±3.54
Daughter in law's Korean-level Low 58 (36.5) 2.7±0.72a 7.91
(.001)
a>c		 4.5±1.14 2.85
(.061)		 6.2±3.64 2.24
(.110)
Moderate 36 (22.6) 2.4±0.71b 4.9±1.15 5.6±3.65
High 65 (40.9) 2.2±0.72c 4.9±1.11 4.8±3.60
Relationship satisfaction Unsatisfied 36 (22.6) 3.1±0.79a 24.93
(<.001)
a>b>c		 4.4±1.12 2.49
(.087)		 7.7±3.54a 10.57
(<.001)
a>b>c
Somehow 53 (33.3) 2.4±0.57b 4.9±1.05 5.5±3.52b
Satisfied 70 (44.0) 2.1±0.65c 4.8±1.19 4.4±3.35c
Ethnocentrism† Disagree 18 (11.3) 2.0±0.95a 8.08
(.018)
a<b		 4.9±1.51 6.10
(.047)		 5.1±3.76 0.52
(.771)
Somehow 105 (66.0) 2.5±0.71b 4.6±1.07 5.5±3.73
Agree 36 (22.7) 2.5±0.72c 5.1±1.07 5.8±3.43

a, b, c=Scheffé test; †Kruskal wallis.

Table 4

Relationship among Acculturative Stress, Resilience, and Depression (N=159)

Variables Acculturative stress Resilience
r (p) r (p)
Depression .39 (<.001) -.43 (<.001)
Acculturative stress -.25 (.002)

Table 5

Factors Predicting Depression (N=159)

Predictors B SE β t p
(Constant) 15.45 2.33 6.63 <.001
Resilience -1.17 0.21 -0.37 -5.51 <.001
Acculturative stress 0.85 0.38 0.18 2.25 .026
Difficulty in physical activity -0.62 0.28 -0.15 -2.23 .027
Perception of economic level -0.83 0.34 -0.16 -2.43 .016
Education level of mother-in-law -0.48 0.22 -0.14 -2.15 .033
Relationship satisfaction -0.51 0.24 -0.16 -2.13 .035
R2=.38, Adj. R2=.35, F=15.43, p<.05

Durbin-Watson=1.78; SE=standard error; Adj. R2=adjusted R2.