The Effects of Regular Walking Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly with Diabetic Mellitus
Article information
Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2010;21(4):409-418
Publication date (electronic) : 2014 April 04
doi :
https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.4.409
Received 2010 September 04; Revised 2010 November 27; Accepted 2010 November 29.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to estimate the effects of a regular walking exercise program on metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms among the elderly with diabetic mellitus (DM) based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).
Methods
This study has randomized and stratified experimental design with experimental and control groups. We developed a regular walking exercise program suitable for the elderly with DM based on the guidance of AAHPERD. The experimental group participated in the regular walking exercise program, which contains walking exercise 3 times a week and 50 minutes each time for 3 months and education on controlling diet and preventing complications once a week and 20 minutes each time for 4 weeks. Post-test was conducted after 3 months to estimate metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms.
Results
The regular walking exercise program was effective for decreasing the waist size, the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG), cardiovascular risk factors and the severity of depressive symptoms among the elderly with DM.
Conclusion
The incidence of complications would be decreased by applying a regular walking exercise program.
Keywords: Walking; Metabolic syndrome X; Cardiovascular deconditioning; Depressive symptom; Diabetes mellitus
Notes
This study was a part of the work which supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2009-0075470).
References
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 7th edth ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
2. American Diabetes Association. Check up America 2002. 01. 19. Retrieved January 20, 2009. from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/prevention/checkup-america/.htm#National.
3. Ajzen I. The theory of learned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1991;50:179–211.
4. Arcury TA, Snively BM, Bell RA, Smith SL, Stafford JM, Wetmore-Arkader LK, et al. Physical activity among rural older adults with diabetes. J Rural Health 2006;22(2):164–168.
5. Aronson RE, Oman RF. Views on exercise and physical activity among rural-dwelling senior citizens. J Rural Health 2004;20:76–79.
6. Chang KS, Lee K, Lim HS. Glycemic control and health behaviors through Diabetes Mellitus education in a clinic. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 2006;30(1):73–81.
7. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 2nd edth ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
8. Han DW, Cho MS, Kim YG. The effects of self-phased walking exercises on elderly women with hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia. J Korean Acad Univ Trained Phys Ther 2008;15(1):54–60.
9. Han IS, Son WI. Effects of aerobic walking training on serum lipids and lipoprotein in older females. J Korea Sport Res 2004;15(3):1683–1696.
10. Hong MH, Yoo HW, Gu MO, Kim SA, Lee JR, Gu MJ, et al. A study on effects and their continuity of the self regulation education program in patients with type 2 diabetes. Korean Clin Diabetes 2009;10(3):187–195.
11. Hooker SP, Seavey W, Weidmer CE, Harvey DJ, Stewart AL, Gillis DE, et al. The California active aging community grant program: Translating science into practice to promote physical activity in older adults. Ann Behav Med 2005;29(3):155–165.
12. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001;24(4):683–689.
13. Jang JS, Hong CB, Lee JE, Kim HS, Park JS, Kim KJ. Effects of 12 weeks combined exercise program on body composition and atherosclerosis indices in middle-aged diabetic and obese women. Exerc Sci 2006;15(1):105–116.
14. Jang SY, Oh JE, Hong SH, Jo JY. Cardiovascular risk factor and cognitive function in older patients. J Soonchunhyang Med Coll 2007;13(2):529–538.
15. Jung HS. Effect of 24 weeks waking exercise on obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in middleaged women Seoul: Sungkyunkwan University; 2008. Unpublished master's thesis.
16. Jee YS, Lee JH, Lee JC, Kim JH, Lee HH, Kim SS. The effects of regular exercise on glucose, lipid profiles level & body composition of elderly women patients with type-II diabetes mellitus. Korean J Phys Educ 2001;40(2):433–747.
17. Jeon JY, Kim TU. The effect of 12 week combined exercise on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation markers in obese middle school girls. Exerc Sci 2008;17(2):173–179.
18. Kee BS, Lee CW. A preliminary study for the standardization of geriatric depression scale in Korea. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1995;34(6):1875–1885.
19. Kim YT, Oh KW, Lee JM, Jo CS, Shin BM, Jang MJ, et al. 4th Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (No. 11702) Seoul: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs; 2008.
20. Krus DJ, Diethrich EB. Validity of the Arizona heart institute cardiovascular risk factor questionnaire. Educ Psychol Meas 1982;42(4):1189–1196.
21. Lee HJ, Park KY, Park HS. Self care activity, metabolic control, and cardiovascular risk factors in accordance with the levels of depression of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Korean Acad Nurs 2005;35(2):283–291.
22. Lee S, Park HS, Kim SM, Kwon HS, Kim DY, Kim DJ, et al. Cut-off points of waist circumference for defining abdominal obesity in the Korean population. Korean J Obes 2006;15(1):1–9.
23. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285(19):2486–2497.
24. Park JM, Han SH. The effect of exercise program on health and depression in the elderly. J Korean Acad Nurs 2003;33(2):220–227.
25. Park M, Kim BR, Kang SJ, Lee DK. Effects of regular exercise on health-related fitness, cardiovascular disease risk factor and vascular inflammation factors in the male. Korean Assoc Certif Exerc Prof 2007;9(1):69–75.
26. Park TG. Effects of 12 week walking exercise on metabolic syndrome makers in obese middle school girls. Korean J Phys Educ 2005;44(6):507–518.
27. Ramsbottom R, Ambler A, Potter J, Jordan B, Nevill A, Williams C. The effect of 6 months training on leg power, balance, and functional mobility of independently living adults over 70 years old. J Aging Phys Act 2004;12(4):497–510.
28. Son JU. The effect of the walking exercise on physiological index, physical fitness, self esteem, depression and life satisfaction in the institutionalized elderly women Busan: Kosin University; 2006. Unpublished master's thesis.
29. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1982;17(1):37–49.
30. Youn HK. The impact of a working exercise program on perceived health condition and emotional state in elderly Suwon: Ajou University; 2005. Unpublished master's thesis.
Article information Continued
© 2010 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing
Funded by : Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government
Award ID : NRF-2009-0075470
