Table 1General Characteristics and Diabetes-related Characteristics (N=201)
Characteristics |
Categories |
n (%) |
Age (year) |
65~<75 |
52 (25.9) |
75~<85 |
117 (58.2) |
≥85 |
32 (15.9) |
Gender |
Male |
42 (20.9) |
Female |
159 (79.1) |
Education |
≤Elementary school |
178 (88.6) |
≥Middle school |
23 (11.4) |
Religion |
Yes |
111 (55.2) |
No |
90 (44.8) |
Occupation |
Employed |
20 (10.0) |
Unemployed |
181 (90.0) |
Monthly income (10,000 won/month) |
<50 |
145 (72.1) |
≥50 |
56 (27.9) |
Smoking |
Yes |
11 (5.5) |
No |
190 (94.5) |
Drinking |
Yes |
46 (22.9) |
No |
155 (77.1) |
Exercise |
Yes |
108 (53.7) |
No |
93 (46.3) |
Diagnosis duration (year) |
<10 |
99 (49.3) |
10~<20 |
60 (29.8) |
≥20 |
42 (20.9) |
Experiences in diabetes education |
Yes |
50 (24.9) |
No |
151 (75.1) |
Subjective health |
Good |
10 (5.0) |
Moderate |
102 (50.7) |
Poor |
89 (44.3) |
Table 2Health Literacy, Diabetes Knowledge and Adherence to Diabetic Self Care (N=201)
Variables and sub category |
n (%) |
M±SD (score) |
Range |
Correct (%) |
Compliance (day) |
Health literacy |
201 (100.0) |
4.41±3.54 |
0~12 |
|
|
Inadequate |
145 (72.1) |
0~6 |
Marginal |
41 (20.4) |
7~10 |
Adequate |
15 (7.5) |
11~12 |
Diabetes knowledge |
|
6.22±2.55 |
0~15 |
22.4 |
|
Causes |
57.7 |
Symptoms |
13.9 |
Proper blood glucose control level |
15.9 |
- related to 'HgbA1c and normal level' |
32.8 |
Drug therapy |
55.7 |
General management |
91.0 |
Exercise |
38.7 |
Diet |
|
Adherence to diabetic self care |
|
58.56±17.28 |
0~112 |
|
|
Diet |
3.4 |
Exercise |
2.9 |
Blood sugar test |
2.9 |
Foot care |
3.8 |
Drug therapy |
5.9 |
Table 3Differences of Health Literacy, Diabetes Knowledge, and Adherence to Self Care according to General Characteristics and Diabetes-related Characteristics (N=201)
Characteristics |
category |
Health literacy |
Diabetes knowledge |
Adherence to self care |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
Age (year) |
65~<75a
|
6.58±3.72 |
16.72
(<.001)
a>b, c |
6.65±2.77 |
1.10
(.336) |
61.08±17.83 |
0.78
(.461) |
75~<85b
|
3.90±3.12 |
6.03±2.51 |
57.49±17.55 |
≥85c
|
2.75±3.12 |
6.22±2.28 |
58.38±15.34 |
Gender |
Male |
6.81±3.49 |
5.26
(<.001) |
7.36±3.16 |
2.77†
(.008) |
58.33±16.86 |
−0.09
(.925) |
Female |
3.77±3.29 |
5.92±2.28 |
58.62±17.44 |
Education |
≤Elementary school |
3.86±3.27 |
−6.75
(<.001) |
6.07±2.52 |
−2.28
(.024) |
57.25±16.95 |
−3.05 (.003) |
≥Middle school |
8.65±2.67 |
7.35±2.52 |
68.70±16.79 |
Religion |
Yes |
4.57±3.76 |
0.71
(.480) |
6.25±2.29 |
0..21
(.837) |
60.53±17.04 |
1.81
(.072) |
No |
4.21±3.27 |
6.18±2.85 |
56.12±17.36 |
Occupation |
Employed |
7.80±3.52 |
4.75
(<.001) |
6.70±2.27 |
0.89
(.375) |
67.05±14.84 |
2.34
(.020) |
Unemployed |
4.03±3.35 |
6.17±2.58 |
57.62±17.31 |
Monthly income (10,000 won) |
<50 |
3.75±3.35 |
−4.42
(<.001) |
5.89±2.50 |
−3.01
(.003) |
55.10±16.20 |
−4.82
(<.001) |
≥50 |
6.11±3.50 |
7.07±2.49 |
67.52±16.89 |
Smoking |
Yes |
4.55±3.70 |
0.13
(.895) |
7.36±2.58 |
1.53
(.126) |
54.91±20.32 |
−0.72
(.473) |
No |
4.40±3.55 |
6.15±2.54 |
58.77±17.13 |
Drinking |
Yes |
6.35±3.13 |
4.42
(<.001) |
6.74±3.17 |
1.34†
(.185) |
55.72±17.19 |
−1.27
(.205) |
No |
3.83±3.46 |
6.06±2.32 |
59.40±17.27 |
Exercise |
Yes |
5.29±3.56 |
3.92
(<.001) |
6.37±2.35 |
0.91
(.365) |
63.49±17.48 |
4.57
(<.001) |
No |
3.39±3.26 |
6.04±2.77 |
52.83±15.24 |
Diagnosis duration (year) |
<10a
|
5.05±3.34 |
3.31
(.039) |
6.53±2.61 |
1.54
(.217) |
61.56±16.78 |
3.93
(.021)
a>b |
10~<20b
|
3.72±3.58 |
5.82±2.72 |
53.75±18.94 |
≥20c
|
3.89±3.76 |
6.07±2.06 |
58.36±14.54 |
Experience in diabetes education |
Yes |
5.48±3.97 |
2.50
(.013) |
7.10±2.77 |
2.87
(.005) |
63.90±15.67 |
2.56
(.011) |
No |
4.05±3.33 |
5.93±2.41 |
56.79±17.47 |
Subjective health |
Gooda
|
7.70±3.34 |
17.52
(<.001)
a>b>c |
5.40±1.58 |
12.89
(<.001)
b>c |
61.60±16.30 |
1.63
(.198) |
Moderateb
|
5.33±3.57 |
7.07±2.64 |
60.39±17.24 |
Poorc
|
2.98±2.92 |
5.34±2.19 |
56.11±17.30 |
Table 4Correlation between Health Literacy, Diabetes Knowledge and Adherence to Self Care (N=201)
Variables |
Health literacy |
Diabetes knowledge |
Adherence to self care |
r (p) |
r (p) |
r (p) |
Health literacy |
1 |
|
Diabetes knowledge |
.26 (<.001) |
1 |
|
Adherence to self care |
.26 (<.001) |
.30 (<.001) |
1 |
Table 5Influencing Factor for Adherence to Self Care (N=201)
Variables |
B |
β |
R2
|
∆R2
|
t |
p
|
(Constant) |
49.84 |
|
|
|
|
|
Monthly income†
|
8.21 |
.21 |
.10 |
|
3.22 |
.001 |
Diabetes knowledge |
1.65 |
.24 |
.16 |
.06 |
3.78 |
<.001 |
Exercise‡
|
8.33 |
.24 |
.22 |
.05 |
3.71 |
<.001 |
|
F=18.24, p<.001 |