Figure 1The map of positive rates of C. sinensis by Region.
Table 1The Characteristics of Subjects according to Demographic, Behavioral and C. sinensis Infection†
Characteristic |
Categories |
Total (N=23,492) |
Guem-gang (n=3,831) |
Nakdong-gang (n=10,095) |
Seomjin-gang (n=5,810) |
Yeongsan-gang (n=2,462) |
Han-gang (n=1,294) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
Gender |
Male |
10,409 (43.0) |
1,409 (36.8) |
4,508 (44.5) |
2,560 (44.1) |
1,052 (42.7) |
584 (45.2) |
Female |
13,376 (57.0) |
2,422 (63.2) |
5,587 (55.2) |
3,250 (55.9) |
1,410 (57.3) |
709 (54.8) |
Age (y) |
≤49 |
2,788 (11.9) |
159 (4.1) |
382 (3.8) |
251 (4.3) |
105 (4.3) |
39 (3.0) |
50~59 |
4,644 (19.8) |
264 (6.9) |
851 (8.4) |
481 (8.3) |
162 (6.5) |
98 (7.9) |
60~69 |
6,887 (29.3) |
709 (18.5) |
2,220 (22.0) |
1,031 (17.7) |
423 (17.2) |
261 (19.8) |
≥70 |
9,172 (39.0) |
2,699 (70.5) |
6,642 (65.8) |
4,047 (69.7) |
1,772 (72.0) |
896 (68.3) |
Raw freshwater fish consumption |
Never |
14,991 (65.3) |
2,475 (65.5) |
5,800 (59.3) |
4,107 (70.5) |
1,925 (79.0) |
739 (62.2) |
Yes |
7,958 (34.7) |
1,306 (34.5) |
3,989 (40.7) |
1,703 (29.5) |
511 (21.0) |
449 (37.8) |
Frequency of raw freshwater fish consumption |
1/wk |
113 (1.5) |
10 (0.8) |
66 (1.8) |
31 (2.1) |
3 (0.7) |
3 (0.6) |
1~3/mo |
998 (13.8) |
141 (12.0) |
564 (15.0) |
195 (13.3) |
45 (10.4) |
55 (13.4) |
1~3/6 mo |
4,246 (58.7) |
701 (59.5) |
2,279 (60.8) |
746 (50.9) |
267 (61.6) |
253 (61.3) |
1/yr |
1,876 (25.9) |
327 (27.7) |
835 (22.3) |
494 (33.7) |
118 (27.3) |
102 (24.7) |
Cooking of raw freshwater fish |
Never |
14,547 (63.7) |
2,160 (57.6) |
6,415 (65.8) |
3,825 (66.2) |
1,418 (58.4) |
751 (63.8) |
Yes |
8,298 (36.3) |
1,586 (42.3) |
3,325 (34.1) |
1,949 (33.8) |
1,011 (41.6) |
427 (36.2) |
Past history of disease of the liver and biliary tract (subject) |
Never |
21,632 (95.2) |
3,581 (96.1) |
9,240 (95.2) |
5,386 (93.6) |
2,306 (96.5) |
1,139 (96.9) |
Yes |
1,096 (4.8) |
147 (3.9) |
464 (4.8) |
368 (6.4) |
83 (3.5) |
36 (3.1) |
Past history of disease of the liver and biliary tract (family) |
Never |
21,980 (96.5) |
3,656 (97.5) |
9,323 (96.0) |
5,536 (96.1) |
2,315 (97.2) |
1,150 (97.5) |
Yes |
800 (3.5) |
93 (2.5) |
388 (4.0) |
223 (3.9) |
66 (2.8) |
30 (2.5) |
Past history of C. sinensis infection
|
Never |
19,894 (88.4) |
3,358 (90.7) |
8,571 (89.6) |
4,792 (83.3) |
2,072 (88.6) |
1,121 (96.1) |
Yes |
2,609 (11.6) |
345 (9.3) |
995 (10.4) |
959 (16.7) |
266 (11.4) |
45 (3.9) |
Past history of taking medicine because of C. sinensis infection |
Yes |
2,145 (91.2) |
292 (92.7) |
837 (90.1) |
769 (89.1) |
217 (95.1) |
39 (95.1) |
Never |
118 (5.0) |
13 (4.1) |
36 (3.9) |
68 (7.9) |
7 (3.1) |
1 (2.4) |
Unaware |
90 (3.8) |
10 (3.2) |
55 (6.0) |
26 (3.0) |
4 (1.8) |
1 (2.4) |
Alcohol drinking |
Never |
12,240 (52.1) |
2,081 (56.1) |
5,145 (53.2) |
3,035 (52.7) |
1,417 (59.9) |
589 (50.3) |
≤1/mo |
1,904 (8.1) |
292 (7.9) |
682 (7.1) |
613 (10.7) |
230 (9.7) |
89 (7.6) |
1~4/mo |
4,815 (20.5) |
846 (22.8) |
2,050 (21.2) |
1,202 (20.9) |
419 (17.8) |
297 (25.3) |
≥2/wk |
3,681 (15.3) |
493 (13.2) |
1,791 (18.5) |
905 (15.7) |
298 (12.6) |
196 (16.8) |
Table 2Positive Rates of C. sinensis Categorized by Five Major Rivers
River |
No. of examined |
No. of positive cases |
Positive rates |
n |
n |
% |
Guem-gang |
3,831 |
582 |
15.2 |
Nakdong-gang |
10,095 |
1,204 |
11.9 |
Seomjin-gang |
5,810 |
634 |
10.9 |
Yeongsan-gang |
2,462 |
97 |
3.9 |
Han-gang |
1,294 |
74 |
5.7 |
Total |
23,492 |
2,591 |
11.0 |
Table 3Positive Rates of C. sinensis Categorized by Region
Province |
Si · Gun |
No. of examined |
No. of positive cases |
Positive rates by si․gun |
Positive rates by province |
n |
n |
% |
% |
Gangwon |
Cheorwon-gun |
224 |
29 |
12.9 |
4.5 |
Hoengseong-gun |
539 |
5 |
0.9 |
Gyeongnam |
Geochang-gun |
567 |
57 |
10.1 |
13.3 |
Gimhae-si |
229 |
18 |
7.9 |
Miryang-si |
776 |
148 |
19.1 |
Sancheong-gun |
737 |
128 |
17.4 |
Uiryeong-gun |
568 |
70 |
12.3 |
Jinju-si |
1,144 |
157 |
13.7 |
Changnyeong-gun |
699 |
75 |
10.7 |
Changwon-si |
486 |
57 |
11.7 |
Haman-gun |
694 |
72 |
10.4 |
Hapcheon-gun |
533 |
59 |
11.1 |
Hadong-gun |
457 |
77 |
16.8 |
Gyeongbuk |
Gunwi-gun |
499 |
75 |
15.0 |
9.9 |
Sangju-si |
553 |
42 |
7.6 |
Andong-si |
498 |
55 |
11.0 |
Yeongdeok-gun |
998 |
125 |
12.5 |
Yeongyang-gun |
449 |
25 |
5.6 |
Yecheon-gun |
665 |
41 |
6.2 |
Cheonnam |
Gangjin-gun |
505 |
23 |
4.6 |
9.2 |
Gokseong-gun |
859 |
64 |
7.5 |
Gwangyang-si |
338 |
24 |
7.1 |
Gurye-gun |
486 |
110 |
22.6 |
Naju-si |
851 |
27 |
3.2 |
Boseong-gun |
822 |
84 |
10.2 |
Suncheon-si |
821 |
0154 |
18.8 |
Yeongam-gun |
543 |
26 |
4.8 |
Hampyeong-gun |
563 |
21 |
3.7 |
Cheonbuk |
Namwon-si |
536 |
27 |
5.0 |
6.8 |
Muju-gun |
565 |
54 |
9.6 |
Sunchang-gun |
465 |
57 |
12.3 |
Jangsu-gun |
499 |
10 |
2.0 |
Jinan-gun |
527 |
27 |
5.1 |
Chungnam |
Geumsan-gun |
0546 |
41 |
7.5 |
5.0 |
Seocheon-gun |
320 |
2 |
0.6 |
Chungbuk |
Yeongdong-gun |
636 |
88 |
13.8 |
17.9 |
Okcheon-gun |
1,764 |
397 |
22.5 |
Chungju-si |
531 |
40 |
7.5 |
Total |
|
23,492 |
2,591 |
|
11.0 |
Table 4Differences in C. sinensis Positive Rates according to Five Major Rivers, Demographic, Behavioral & Other Characteristics (N=23,492)
Characteristics |
Categories |
|
|
|
Guem-gang (N=3,831) |
Nakdong-gang (N=10,095) |
Negative (n=20,901) |
Positive (n=2,591) |
x2 (p) |
Negative (n=3,249) |
Positive (n=582) |
x2 (p) |
Negative (n=8,891) |
Positive (n=1,204) |
x2 (p) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
Gender |
Male |
8,597 (85.0) |
1,516 (15.0) |
283.96 (<.001) |
1,050 (74.5) |
359 (25.5) |
183.06 (<.001) |
3,809 (84.5) |
699 (15.5) |
99.33 (<.001) |
Female |
12,304 (92.0) |
1,075 (8.0) |
2,199 (90.8) |
223 (9.2) |
5,082 (91.0) |
505 (9.0) |
Age (year) |
≤49 |
2,500 (89.7) |
288 (10.3) |
79.07 (<.001) |
359 (84.9) |
64 (15.1) |
21.50 (<.001) |
1,090 (88.7) |
139 (11.3) |
29.57 (<.001) |
50~59 |
3,981 (85.7) |
663 (14.3) |
564 (79.5) |
145 (20.5) |
1,892 (85.2) |
328 (14.8) |
60~69 |
6,103 (88.6) |
784 (11.4) |
940 (84.9) |
167 (15.1) |
2,616 (87.7) |
367 (12.3) |
≥70 |
8,316 (90.7) |
856 (9.3) |
1,386 (87.1) |
206 (12.9) |
3,292 (89.9) |
370 (10.1) |
Raw freshwater fish consumption |
Never |
13,653 (91.1) |
1,338 (8.9) |
200.14 (<.001) |
2,208 (89.2) |
266 (10.8) |
108.13 (<.001) |
5,174 (89.5) |
609 (10.5) |
28.33 (<.001) |
Yes |
6,758 (84.9) |
1,200 (15.1) |
999 (76.5) |
307 (23.5) |
3,427 (85.9) |
562 (14.1) |
Frequency of raw freshwater fish consumption |
1/wk |
94 (83.2) |
19 (16.8) |
1.74 (.629) |
5 (50.0) |
5 (50.0) |
8.77 (.032) |
54 (81.8) |
12 (18.2) |
1.15 (.763) |
1~3/mo |
839 (84.1) |
159 (15.9) |
106 (75.2) |
35 (24.8) |
488 (86.5) |
72 (13.5) |
1~3/6mo |
3,597 (84.7) |
649 (15.3) |
525 (74.9) |
176 (25.1) |
1,951 (85.6) |
328 (14.4) |
1/yr |
1,607 (85.7) |
269 (14.3) |
265 (81.0) |
62 (19.0) |
717 (85.9) |
118 (14.1) |
Cooking of raw freshwater fish |
Never |
13,094 (90.0) |
1,453 (10.0) |
46.52 (<.001) |
1,863 (86.3) |
296 (13.7) |
8.11 (.004) |
5,706 (89.2) |
691 (10.8) |
24.33 (<.001) |
Yes |
7,225 (87.1) |
1,073 (12.9) |
1,315 (72.9) |
271 (17.1) |
2,852 (85.8) |
473 (14.2) |
Past history of disease of the liver and biliary tract (subject) |
Never |
19,266 (89.1) |
2,366 (10.9) |
6.03 (.014) |
3,043 (85.0) |
537 (15.0) |
0.44 (.505) |
8,130 (88.2) |
1,092 (11.8) |
5.00 (.025) |
Yes |
950 (86.7) |
146 (13.3) |
122 (83.0) |
25 (17.0) |
393 (84.7) |
71 (15.3) |
Past history of disease of the liver and biliary tract (family) |
Never |
19,550 (89.0) |
2,410 (11.0) |
1.04 (.307) |
3,105 (85.0) |
550 (15.0) |
0.08 (.776) |
8,197 (88.1) |
1,109 (11.9) |
0.01 (.907) |
Yes |
703 (87.9) |
97 (12.1) |
80 (86.0) |
13 (14.0) |
341 (87.9) |
47 (12.1) |
Past history of C. sinensis infection |
Never |
17,687 (88.9) |
2,207 (11.1) |
1.45 (.229) |
2,857 (85.1) |
500 (14.9) |
0.43 (.508) |
7,532 (88.0) |
1,023 (12.0) |
0.40 (.524) |
Yes |
2,340 (89.7) |
269 (10.3) |
289 (83.8) |
56 (16.2) |
882 (88.7) |
112 (11.3) |
Past history of taking medicine because of C. sinensis infection |
Yes |
1,934 (90.2) |
211 (9.8) |
6.58 (.037) |
245 (84.2) |
46 (15.8) |
3.58 (.167) |
745 (89.3) |
89 (10.7) |
0.61 (.735) |
Never |
101 (85.6) |
17 (14.4) |
7 (63.6) |
4 (36.4) |
29 (85.3) |
5 (14.7) |
Unaware |
75 (83.3) |
15 (16.7) |
9 (90.0) |
1 (10.0) |
44 (88.0) |
6 (12.0) |
Alcohol drinking frequency |
Never |
11,182 (91.4) |
1,058 (8.6) |
264.30 (<.001) |
1,875 (90.1) |
206 (9.9) |
115.23 (<.001) |
4,599 (89.8) |
520 (10.2) |
92.03 (<.001) |
≤1/mo |
1,558 (81.8) |
346 (18.2) |
219 (75.0) |
73 (25.0) |
542 (79.5) |
140 (20.5) |
1~4/mo |
4,077 (84.7) |
738 (15.3) |
647 (76.5) |
199 (23.5) |
1,734 (84.6) |
316 (15.4) |
≥2/wk |
3,316 (90.1) |
365 (9.9) |
408 (82.8) |
82 (17.2) |
1,608 (89.9) |
181 (10.1) |
Gender |
Male |
2,213 (86.5) |
346 (13.5) |
32.01 (<.001) |
994 (94.5) |
58 (5.5) |
12.01 (<.001) |
531 (90.8) |
54 (9.2) |
24.42 (<.001) |
Female |
2,964 (91.1) |
288 (8.9) |
1,371 (97.2) |
39 (2.8) |
689 (97.2) |
20 (2.8) |
Age (year) |
≤49 |
664 (90.7) |
68 (9.3) |
17.61 (.001) |
254 (95.1) |
13 (4.9) |
20.18 (<.001) |
133 (97.1) |
4 (2.9) |
5.76 (.124) |
50~59 |
895 (86.8) |
136 (13.2) |
391 (92.4) |
32 (7.6) |
239 (91.6) |
22 (8.4) |
60~69 |
1,495 (87.6) |
212 (12.4) |
750 (97.3) |
21 (2.7) |
302 (94.7) |
17 (5.3) |
≥70 |
2,122 (90.7) |
218 (9.3) |
970 (96.9) |
31 (3.1) |
546 (94.6) |
31 (5.4) |
Raw freshwater fish consumption |
Never |
3,712 (91.2) |
358 (8.8) |
62.64 (<.001) |
1,859 (96.6) |
66 (3.4) |
6.36 (.012) |
700 (94.7) |
39 (5.3) |
1.00 (.316) |
Yes |
1,432 (84.1) |
271 (15.9) |
481 (94.1) |
30 (5.9) |
419 (93.3) |
30 (6.7) |
Frequency of raw freshwater fish consumption |
1/wk |
30 (96.8) |
1 (3.2) |
4.58 (.205) |
3 (100.0) |
0 (0.0) |
5.56 (.135) |
2 (66.7) |
1 (33.3) |
6.81 (.078) |
1~3/mo |
158 (81.9) |
35 (18.1) |
39 (86.7) |
6 (13.3) |
48 (87.3) |
7 (12.7) |
1~3/6mo |
631 (84.6) |
115 (15.4) |
253 (94.8) |
14 (5.2) |
237 (93.7) |
16 (6.3) |
1/yr |
415 (84.0) |
79 (16.0) |
113 (95.8) |
5 (4.2) |
97 (95.1) |
5 (4.9) |
Cooking of raw freshwater fish |
Never |
3,443 (90.1) |
379 (9.9) |
11.64 (.001) |
1,374 (96.9) |
44 (3.1) |
6.47 (.011) |
708 (94.3) |
43 (5.7) |
0.06 (.799) |
Yes |
1,698 (87.1) |
251 (12.9) |
959 (94.9) |
52 (5.1) |
401 (93.9) |
26 (6.1) |
Past history of disease of the liver and biliary tract (subject) |
Never |
4,807 (89.3) |
578 (10.7) |
0.59 (.443) |
2,215 (96.1) |
91 (3.9) |
0.89 (.344) |
1,071 (94.0) |
68 (6.0) |
0.64 (.422) |
Yes |
322 (88.0) |
44 (12.0) |
78 (94.0) |
5 (6.0) |
35 (97.2) |
1 (2.8) |
Past history of disease of the liver and biliary tract (family) |
Never |
4,939 (89.2) |
595 (10.8) |
1.12 (.289) |
2,227 (96.2) |
88 (3.8) |
7.75 (.005) |
1,082 (94.1) |
68 (5.9) |
0.35 (.552) |
Yes |
194 (87.0) |
29 (13.0) |
59 (89.4) |
7 (10.6) |
29 (96.7) |
1 (3.3) |
Past history of C. sinensis infection |
Never |
4,256 (88.9) |
533 (11.1) |
2.22 (.136) |
1,982 (95.7) |
90 (4.3) |
4.92 (.026) |
1,060 (94.6) |
61 (5.4) |
4.97 (.026) |
Yes |
868 (90.5) |
91 (9.5) |
262 (98.5) |
4 (1.5) |
39 (86.7) |
6 (13.3) |
Past history of taking medicine because of C. sinensis infection |
Yes |
698 (91.2) |
67 (8.8) |
15.18 (.001) |
212 (98.1) |
4 (1.8) |
0.18 (.910) |
34 (87.2) |
5 (12.8) |
6.10 (.047) |
Never |
59 (89.4) |
7 (10.6) |
6 (100.0) |
0 (0.0) |
0 (0.0) |
1 (100.0) |
Unaware |
17 (68.0) |
8 (32.0) |
4 (100.0) |
0 (0.0) |
1 (100.0) |
0 (0.0) |
Alcohol drinking frequency |
Never |
2,768 (91.2) |
267 (8.8) |
49.00 (<.001) |
1,379 (97.3) |
38 (2.7) |
28.47 (<.001) |
561 (95.2) |
28 (4.8) |
20.91 (<.001) |
≤1/mo |
512 (83.8) |
99 (16.2) |
209 (90.9) |
21 (9.1) |
76 (85.4) |
13 (14.6) |
1~4/mo |
1,028 (85.6) |
173 (14.4) |
394 (93.6) |
27 (6.4) |
274 (92.3) |
23 (7.7) |
≥2/wk |
820 (90.6) |
85 (9.4) |
288 (96.6) |
10 (3.4) |
192 (98.0) |
4 (2.0) |