Table 1General Characteristics of Participants (N=243)
Characteristics |
Categories |
n (%) or M±SD |
Gender |
Male |
57 (23.5) |
Female |
186 (76.5) |
Age (year) |
65~69 |
15 (6.2) |
70~74 |
55 (22.6) |
75~79 |
89 (36.6) |
≥80 |
84 (34.6) |
Education |
None |
80 (32.9) |
Elementary school |
101 (41.6) |
Middle school |
37 (15.2) |
≥High school |
25 (10.3) |
Type of insurance |
Medicaid |
70 (28.8) |
Medical insurance |
173 (71.2) |
Number of chronic disease |
|
2.06±1.10 |
Subjective health status |
Very bad |
25 (10.3) |
Bad |
83 (34.2) |
Moderate |
92 (37.9) |
Good |
39 (16.0) |
Very good |
4 (1.6) |
frailty level |
Health group |
13 (5.3) |
High risk frailty older adults |
142 (58.4) |
Frailty group |
87 (35.8) |
Home care services |
Yes |
120 (49.4) |
No |
123 (50.6) |
Table 2Depression and Cognitive function of Participants (N=243)
Characteristics |
Categories |
n (%) |
Depression |
Normal |
60 (24.7) |
Mild depression |
88 (36.2) |
Severe depression |
95 (39.1) |
Cognitive function |
Normal |
201 (82.7) |
Cognitive impairment |
42 (17.3) |
Table 3Depression according to General Characteristics (N=243)
Characteristics |
Categories |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
Scheffé |
Gender |
Male |
6.49±4.21 |
2.59 (.010) |
|
Female |
8.14±4.20 |
Age (year) |
65~69 |
6.07±5.19 |
1.86 (.136) |
|
70~74 |
7.40±4.42 |
75~79 |
7.55±4.53 |
≥80 |
8.50±3.54 |
Education |
Nonea
|
9.13±3.72 |
5.96 (.001) |
a>b |
Elementary schoolb
|
7.53±4.02 |
Middle school |
6.86±4.70 |
≥High school |
5.56±4.87 |
Type of insurance |
Medicaid |
9.80±3.42 |
5.50 (<.001) |
|
Medical insurance |
6.92±4.29 |
Subjective health status |
Very bada
|
11.64±3.71 |
36.28 (<.001) |
a, b>c>d, e |
badb
|
9.81±3.26 |
Moderatec
|
6.90±3.50 |
Goodd
|
3.58±3.22 |
Very goode
|
0.33±0.58 |
frailty level |
Health groupa
|
2.23±2.35 |
56.41 (<.001) |
a<b<c |
High risk frailty older adultsb
|
6.45±3.77 |
frailty groupc
|
10.71±3.22 |
Home care services |
Yes |
9.67±3.48 |
7.74 (<.001) |
|
No |
5.89±4.12 |
Table 4Cognitive Function according to General Characteristics (N=243)
Characteristics |
Categories |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
Scheffé |
Gender |
Male |
24.75±3.29 |
-2.33 (.022) |
|
Female |
23.54±3.92 |
Age (year) |
65~69a
|
25.93±3.35 |
5.40 (.001) |
a, b>c |
70~74b
|
24.80±3.54 |
75~79c
|
23.91±3.72 |
≥80 |
22.71±3.86 |
Education |
Nonea
|
21.38±3.22 |
32.73 (<.001) |
a<b<c, d |
Elementary schoolb
|
23.96±3.46 |
Middle schoolc
|
26.46±3.20 |
≥High schoold
|
27.20±2.14 |
Type of insurance |
Medicaid |
23.03±3.91 |
-2.08 (.038) |
|
Medical insurance |
24.14±3.73 |
Subjective health status |
Very bad |
22.64±4.04 |
5.05 (.001) |
a<b |
bada
|
22.78±3.65 |
Moderate |
24.34±3.54 |
Goodb
|
25.25±3.96 |
Very good |
27.67±1.53 |
frailty level |
Health groupa
|
27.46±2.37 |
17.87 (<.001) |
a>b>c |
High risk frailty older adultsb
|
24.47±3.40 |
frailty groupc
|
22.22±3.96 |
Home care services |
Yes |
23.08±3.81 |
-3.04 (.003) |
|
No |
24.54±3.69 |
Table 5Correlation among Depression, Cognitive Function & Related Factors (N=243)
Variables |
Age |
Education |
Number of chronic disease |
Subjective health status |
Fraility level |
Depression |
Cognitive function |
r (p) |
r (p) |
r (p) |
r (p) |
r (p) |
r (p) |
r (p) |
Age |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Education |
-.17 (.008) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Number of chronic disease |
-.00 (.994) |
-.05 (.469) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Subjective health status |
.00 (.956) |
.27 (<.001) |
-.29 (<.001) |
1 |
|
|
|
frailty level |
.17 (.009) |
-.30 (<.001) |
.44 (<.001) |
-.62 (<.001) |
1 |
|
|
Depression |
.14 (.035) |
-.28 (<.001) |
.22 (<.001) |
-.61 (<.001) |
.70 (<.001) |
1 |
|
Cognitive function |
-.29 (<.001) |
.55 (<.001) |
-.11 (.103) |
.27 (<.001) |
-.44 (<.001) |
-.27 (<.001) |
1 |