Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Volume 29 (1); March 2018

Original Articles

Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation among Middle Class Korean: Focusing on Psychosocial Comparison - An Analysis of a Nationwide Survey of the 8th Korea Health Panel Data: Ahra Jo, Bora Kang, Young Ju Seo, Eun Ha Gil, Hee Young Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):1-10. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.1

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation among middle class Korean.
METHODS
Cross sectional study was designed for secondary data analysis. From the 8th Korea Health Panel survey (2008~2013), a total of 6,037 data was drawn and analyzed by developmental stage using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, Ï‡Â² test, and logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Across all age groups, high physical-mental stress, frustration, anxiety about the future and low self-perceived health status or social class were found to be the risk factors of suicidal ideation. Peer-compared subjective health status and frustration significantly influenced the adolescents. The young adults' suicidal ideation was mainly influenced by physical and mental stress, frustration and absence of economic activity. For the middle-aged, physical and mental stress, frustration, future anxiety, low peer-compared subjective health status were found to be the major influencing factors. The predominant risk factors for the elderly were frustration and low peer-compared subjective health status.
CONCLUSION
Making comparisons to others significantly influence suicidal ideation throughout all life cycles. Improvement of mental health and suicide prevention can be enhanced by avoiding negative comparison to others.

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Factors affecting suicidal ideation among premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Go‐Un Kim, Hae Kyoung Son, Mi‐Young Kim
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2021; 28(3): 356. CrossRef

Testing Reliability and Validity of the Person-centered Climate Questionnaire-staff version in Korean for Long-term Care Facilities: Hae Sagong, Da Eun Kim, So Young Bae, Ga Eon Lee, David Edvardsson, Ju Young Yoon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):11-20. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.11

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PURPOSE
To test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Person-centered Climate Questionnaire - staff version (KPCQ-S) in long-term care institutions.
METHODS
A total of 297 staff in long-term care institutions including nine nursing homes (NHs) and 4 long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) were included. The KPCQ-S was developed following the WHO guidelines of the process of translation and adaptation of instruments. An internal consistency using Cronbach's Î± was tested for reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine the construct validity. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined using Pearson correlation.
RESULTS
EFA demonstrated the construct validity of the 14-item KPCQ-S with three-factor solutions, specifically three factors (safety, everydayness, and community) in NHs and four factors (safety, everydayness, community, and comprehensibility) in LTCHs. Convergent validity was found in the correlation with the work satisfaction (r=.55). The KPCQ-S showed satisfactory internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's Î±=.91).
CONCLUSION
The KPCQ-S is found to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring staff perceptions of the person centeredness of long-term care environments.

Citations

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Factors influencing shared decision-making in long-term care facilities
Da Eun Kim, Min Jung Kim
BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Person-Centered Care Environment Associated With Care Staff Outcomes in Long-Term Care Facilities
JiSun CHOI, Da Eun KIM, Ju Young YOON
Journal of Nursing Research.2021; 29(1): e133. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of a Person-centered Dementia Care Education Program for Nursing Home Staff
Eun-Hi Kong
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2020; 22(3): 247. CrossRef
A Rasch analysis of the Person-Centred Climate Questionnaire – staff version
Mark Wilberforce, Anders Sköldunger, David Edvardsson
BMC Health Services Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychometric Evaluation of the Korean Version of the Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire Using Rasch Analysis
Da Eun Kim, Young Ko, Paulette V. Hunter, Ju Young Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(23): 4834. CrossRef

Regional Factors on the Self-rated Health of Wage Workers: Min Jung Kwon, Eun Suk Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):21-32. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.21

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study attempted to identify regional disparities of self-rated health among Korean wage workers and to investigate the influencing factors on them.
METHODS
The study subjects were 25,069 workers in 16 regions who were extracted from the 2014 Korean Working Condition Survey (KWCS). A multilevel analysis was conducted by building hierarchical data at individual and regional level.
RESULTS
In this study, â€˜financial autonomy rateâ€™ and â€˜current smoking rateâ€™ were identified as regional factors influencing the workers' self-rated health. When the socio-demographic and occupational factors of the workers were controlled, â€˜current smoking rateâ€™, a health policy factor, explained the regional disparity of workers' health status.
CONCLUSION
We found that the health status of workers can be affected by the health behavior level of the whole population in their residential area. In order to improve the health status of working population and to alleviate their regional health inequalities, it is necessary to strengthen macro and structural level interventions.

Factors associated with Intermittent and Light Smoking among Korean High School Students: Intermittent and Light Smoking among Korean Adolescents: Jin Suk Ra, Hye Sun Kim, Yoon Hee Cho; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):33-40. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.33

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with intermittent and light smoking among Korean high school students.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, we employed secondary data from the 2015 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, and used the biopsychosocial model as a framework. The analysis was performed using the data of 2,851 high school students who smoked. We defined intermittent and light smoking as smoking on 1 to 29 days in a 30-day period and no more than 10 cigarettes per day. A logistic regression analysis using the complex samples procedure was conducted.
RESULTS
Among all the participants, 1,231 (43.2%) were intermittent and light smokers. Factors significantly predicting intermittent and light smoking were gender and grade (biological factors); subjective stress (psychological factor); and mother's smoking, sibling's smoking and academic achievement (sociocultural factors).
CONCLUSION
In smoking cessation programs, health care providers both at school and in the community should consider the unique biological, psychological, and sociocultural characteristics of intermittent and light smoking behavior among high school students.

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Effects of Oral Health Behavior and Mental Health on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults
Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, Sang-Eun Moon, Sun-Hwa Hong
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2022; 22(2): 90. CrossRef
Analysis of multidimensional factors in attempts to quit using tobacco by Korean adolescents
Mi-Jung Kang, Hyunjin Lee, Mirae Jo
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Smoking Cessation Attempts in Korean High School Students Who Engage in Intermittent and Light Smoking
Jin Suk Ra, Yeon-Hee Jeong
Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 1. CrossRef

Factors Affecting Unmet Healthcare Needs of Working Married Immigrant Women in South Korea: Jin Seon Yi, In Sook Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):41-53. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.41

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PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting on unmet healthcare needs of married immigrant women, especially who are working in South Korea.
METHODS
It is designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. We analyzed data from 8,142 working married immigrant women to the â€˜National Survey of Multicultural Families 2015.â€™ Based on Andersen's health behavior model, logistic regression was conducted to determine the predictors of unmet healthcare need.
RESULTS
The prevalence of unmet healthcare needs among the subjects was 11.6%. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of unmet needs included existence of preschooler, country of origin, period of residence in predisposing factors, monthly household income, helpful social relationship, social discrimination, Korean proficiency, working hour per week in enabling factors, and self-rated health, experience of grief or desperation in need factors.
CONCLUSION
The association between labor-related factors and unmet healthcare needs of marriage immigrant women currently working was found from nationally representative sample. Support policies for immigrant women working more than legally defined hours and having preschooler should be supplemented to reduce unmet healthcare needs. In addition, eradicating discrimination in workplace, enlarging social relationship, and developing culturally competent nursing services tailored to health problems caused by labor are needed.

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Unmet Healthcare Needs and Related Factors Among Immigrants: A Cross-Sectional Secondary Analysis of 2019 Korea Community Health Survey Data
SookKyoung Park, Hye Young Kim, Young-Me Lee
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2023; 60: 004695802211468. CrossRef
Factors associated with self-rated health among immigrant workers in South Korea: Analyzing the results of the 2020 survey on immigrants' living conditions and labor force
Soo Jin Kang, Jinseub Hwang, Dohyang Kim, Bongjeong Kim
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine by Foreigners in South Korea
Chiara Achangwa, Tae-Jun Lee, Moo-Sik Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(22): 12035. CrossRef
Too long to wait: South Asian migrants’ experiences of accessing health care in Australia
Manju Adhikari, Sabitra Kaphle, Yamuna Dhakal, Sabina Duwadi, Rajan Subedi, Sonu Shakya, Sunil Tamang, Mukesh Khadka
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Factors Influencing Burnout in Primary Family Caregivers of Hospital-based Home Care Patients: Ju Ok Yang, Hye Kyung Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):54-64. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.54

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing burnout in primary family caregivers of Home Health Care Patients.
METHODS
Data were collected from 121 primary family caregivers of home health care patients in three different hospitals in â€˜Dâ€™ metropolitan city and the study was conducted from August 10, 2016 to January 17, 2017. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression.
RESULTS
Mean scores for the nursing needs of the participants were 3.54Â±0.79, the family functions were 1.24Â±0.58, the burnouts were 2.74Â±0.49. The burnouts were positively correlated with the nursing needs but inversely correlated with the family function. The factor that had the greatest influence on the burnouts of primary family caregivers of Home Health Care was family function (Î²=âˆ’.245, p=.001), followed by patients' daily activity (Î²=âˆ’.213, p=.014), age (Î²=.208, p=.032), monthly nursing services cost (Î²=âˆ’.196, p=.044) and nursing needs (Î²=.129, p=.014). The Explanatory Power of Models was 23%.
CONCLUSION
Individually customized home care nursing intervention programs are required to be provided in accordance with patient's family function and daily activity, monthly home care nursing service cost, nursing needs and general characteristics of primary caregivers of Home Health Care Patients such as their age, the number of family members living together, sex and the name of disease.

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Roles and Problems of Stroke Caregivers: A Qualitative Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Paryono Muhrodji, Hendrawan Dian Agung Wicaksono, Sekar Satiti, Laksono Trisnantoro, Ismail Setyopranoto, Amelia Nur Vidyanti
F1000Research.2022; 10: 380. CrossRef
Roles and Problems of Stroke Caregivers: A Qualitative Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Paryono Muhrodji, Hendrawan Dian Agung Wicaksono, Sekar Satiti, Laksono Trisnantoro, Ismail Setyopranoto, Amelia Nur Vidyanti
F1000Research.2021; 10: 380. CrossRef
Influence of Self-care on Burnout in Primary Family Caregiver of Person with Dementia
Jeong Hwa Kwon, Gwi-Ryung Son Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 217. CrossRef

Elementary, Middle, and High School Health Teachers' Countermeasures Against an Outbreak of Pandemic Diseases, Including MERS: Eun Kyoung Jun, Gyu Young Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):65-75. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.65

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PURPOSE
This study aims to examine how elementary, middle and high school health teachers in Gyeonggi province react to infectious disease like MERS.
METHODS
This is a descriptive study using a convenience sample of 1,267 school health teachers.
RESULTS
When MERS was an epidemic, school health teachers who took the â€˜leadingâ€™ role were 92.4%. A school heath teacher's countermeasures against infectious diseases showed a high score during MERS outbreak (3.81) compared to regular days (3.59).
CONCLUSION
Based on such results, it has been determined that schools need to keep two types of procedures manual, such as â€˜countermeasures on a regular basisâ€™ and â€˜countermeasures in the event of a pandemic disease outbreakâ€™ manual in the staff offices so that anyone can view them at any time. It is necessary to prepare regulations to strengthen their authority so that school health teachers can take the role of control tower, in a professional capacity, when communicable disease is spreading. In order to prevent any confusion and chaos, there should be a unitary reporting system at each school when dealing with an epidemic. School health teachers need to get continuous training to reinforce their abilities to react to communicable diseases.

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Health teachers’ ethical conflict experiences in the COVID-19 situation: a qualitative content analysis
Kyoung Mi Lim, Sohyune Sok
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
School Nurses’ Perception of Job Performance Difficulties, Job Stress, Job Identity and Job Satisfaction
Eun Kyo Cho, Hyun Jung Moon
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 43. CrossRef
School Nurses’ Experiences and Needs in COVID-19 Pandemic Response: A Qualitative Study
Kyoungsan Seo, Se-an Kim, Young June Choe, Jihyun Moon
The Journal of School Nursing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A Grounded Theory on School Nursing Experiences With Major Pandemic Diseases
Youn-Joo Um, Yun-Jung Choi
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2022; 59: 004695802210904. CrossRef
School Novice Health Teachers’ Perception of Job Performance Difficulties and Job Satisfaction
Seomoon Jang, Gyuyoung Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2021; 32(4): 566. CrossRef
Prioritizing Training Needs of School Health Staff: The Example of Vietnam
Sookyung Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Hyeyeon Lee, Bui Thi Thanh Loan, Le Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(15): 5563. CrossRef

Obesity and Related-factors in Patients with Chronic Mental Illness Registered to Community Mental Health Welfare Centers: Eun Suk Park, Eun Hyun Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):76-86. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.76

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of study was to examine the relationship between obesity and its associated factors (psychiatric symptom, duration of illness, type of medication, physical activity, dietary habits, depressive symptom, and stress) in patients with chronic mental illness registered to community mental health welfare centers.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional correlation study using a convenience sampling. A total of 392 participants were recruited from community mental health welfare centers. The obtained data were analyzed using binary and multinomial logistic regression.
RESULTS
Atypical antipsychotic medication, duration of illness, dietary habits (overeating, and drinking instant coffee) were significantly contributed variables into body mass index (BMI) obesity. Atypical antipsychotic medication and instant coffee were significantly related to abdominal obesity.
CONCLUSION
These results emphasized the needs of tailored obesity-preventive management for the community-dwelling patients with chronic mental illness, topically focusing on the administration of atypical antipsychotic medication, duration of illness, and dietary habits.

The Association of Health Behaviors with Stress Perception among High School Students in Korea: Based on 2015 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Hyeon Sook Park, Ji Young Han, Nae Young Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):87-96. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.87

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to identify Korean high school students' health behaviors and perceived stress and to examine effects of their health behaviors on their stress perception.
METHODS
The subjects were 33,744 high school students who participated in the 11th Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey 2015 in Korea. Data were analyzed using complex samples analysis with the PASW 18.0 program. The questionnaire utilized in this study is designed to find the subjects' general characteristics, health behaviors, and perceived stress.
RESULTS
The prevalence of subjects with high level stress was 38.9%(n=13,137) in this study. There were significant differences in the general characteristics and stress perception among the Korean high school students in terms of gender, grade, school achievement, family's affluence, mother's education, perceived happiness, perceived health status, and stressor. The variables of health behaviors of Korean high school students were significantly different from stress perception. Under complex samples logistic regression, predictive factors of stress for the high school students include gender, grade, father's education, family's affluence, living arrangement, perceived health status, perceived happiness, current smoking, current alcohol experience, and enough sleep.
CONCLUSION
The study suggests multilateral efforts are needed to help high school students' stress management including health behaviors for high school students.

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Changes in Sleep Satisfaction of Korean Adolescents in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Eras and Its Effects on Health Behaviors
Dahyeon Lee, Kang-Sook Lee, Sejin Kim, Woohyun Chung, Jeung Jegal, Hyeonjung Han
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(3): 1702. CrossRef
A study on depression among adolescents with asthma in South Korea using the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behaviour Web-Based Survey
Jin H Park, Mi Jin Kim
Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 276. CrossRef
The Sequential Mediating Effects of Dietary Behavior and Perceived Stress on the Relationship between Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Multicultural Adolescent Health
Youlim Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Mikyung Lee, Hyeyeon Lee, Sookyung Kim, Kennedy Diema Konlan
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(7): 3604. CrossRef
Therapeutic Encouragement as Conceptualized by South Korean Youth Counselors
Shin Young Jeung, Dong‐gwi Lee, Kyong‐ae Ham, Jin Hwa Kim
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development.2020; 48(4): 231. CrossRef
Influence of Health-Related Perception on Depression among Adolescents: Focusing on the Mediating Effects of Stress
Duck Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2020; 29(1): 73. CrossRef
Contextual Association between Political Regime and Adolescent Suicide Risk in Korea: A 12-year Repeated Cross-Sectional Study from Korea
Sang Eun
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(5): 874. CrossRef

Testing an Explanatory Model for Preventing College Students' Problem Gambling: Hyang Jin Park, Suk Sun Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):97-107. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.97

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PURPOSE
A mediated model of Korean college students' problem gambling based on Blaszczynski and Nower's pathway model is developed and tested to explore mediating roles of self-control and irrational gambling beliefs in the association between emotionally vulnerable variables and problem gambling.
METHODS
273 student participants recruited from 4 universities in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Korea responded. Data were collected with a structured self-report questionnaire comprising measures of problem gambling, depression, anxiety, coping styles, irrational gambling belief, and self-control.
RESULTS
The modified research model provides a reasonable fit to the data. Depression, anxiety, reflective coping, irrational beliefs, and self-control turned out to have direct effects on problem gambling, while indirect effects were reported in some suppressive and reactive styles. These predictors account for 38% of the college students' problem gambling.
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that developing intervention programs for reducing depression, anxiety, irrational gambling beliefs, and increasing reflective coping and self-control are needed to prevent Korean college students' problem gambling.

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The Mediating Role of Spirituality on Depression, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Problem Gambling Among Korean College Students
Young-Me Lee, Mi Yeul Hyun, Suyoung Choi, Elizabeth Aquino
Journal of Addictions Nursing.2021; 32(2): 79. CrossRef

The Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewives: An Analysis of the 2010~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Chul Gyu Kim, Young Ji Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):108-119. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.108

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives and to explore controllable and uncontrollable factors regarding metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
The study population of this cross-sectional survey was from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2010 through 2015, including the fifth and sixth population-based studies. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) based on Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Metabolic Syndrome by the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2015.
RESULTS
Among the 2,498 subjects, 247 subjects had metabolic syndrome and the prevalence was estimated to be 9.9%. The number of subjects who met the criterion of HDL was 936 (36.2%), which was the most prevalent among the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant (p < .05) factors include age, livinghood benefit group, perceived health status, obesity, family history of DM, sleeping time, awareness of stress,leukocyte, and erythrocyte count. The odds ratio of obesity in the BMI â‰¥25 group was 12.59 times as high as that of the BMI < 25 group (p < .001) for metabolic syndrome.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives in the survey was not low, and it is necessary to develop and apply comprehensive health habit management programs to improve controllable factors including exercise and food intake.

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Effect of Household Type on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korea: Using Propensity Score Matching
Jisu Park, Ilsu Park
Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 1894. CrossRef
Comparison of metabolic syndrome and related factors in married pre-menopausal white- and blue-collar woman
Seungmi Park, Chul-Gyu Kim, Youngji Kim
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2022; 77(9): 744. CrossRef
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159. CrossRef
Mental Health Status of Adults with Cardiovascular or Metabolic Diseases by Gender
Yeunhee Kwak, Yoonjung Kim, Soo Jin Kwon, Haekyung Chung
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 514. CrossRef

Effects of Alcohol Management Programs for University Students in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Myung Ock Chae, Hae Ok Jeon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):120-132. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.120

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PURPOSE
This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to investigate effects of alcohol management programs for Korean university students.
METHODS
Research results published until October 14, 2016 were systematically collected in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). A total of 12 papers were selected for the meta-analysis. To estimate the effect size, meta-analysis of the studies was performed with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0.
RESULTS
The mean effect size of 12 studies in total (Hedges' g=-0.36; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: -0.76~0.05) was not significant statistically. In a study of college students classified as problematic drinking (total of 9), the drinking program showed a median effect size of Hedges' g=-0.57(95% CI: -0.96~-0.18). Results of the drinking-related outcome variables showed a significant effect size (Hedges' g=-0.61; 95% CI: -1.10~-0.13), but psychosocial related outcome variables were not significant (Hedges' g=-0.50; 95% CI: -1.24~0.23).
CONCLUSION
It can be seen that the alcohol management program for college students has a significant effect on controlling the problem drinking of college students. In addition, application of a differentiated drinking program with problem drinkers selected as a risk group will be effective in controlling drinking and drinking related factors.

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Effectiveness of Drinking Reduction Program Focused on Self-Determination Enhancement for College Students with Problematic Drinking
Jin-Kyoung Ma, Moon-Sook Yoo
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(3): 265. CrossRef
Gender Differences in Harmful Use of Alcohol Among Korean Adults
Eunok Park, Yeon Sook Kim
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2019; 10(4): 205. CrossRef

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