Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

Factors affecting cultural adaptation stress by gender among multicultural adolescents in Korea: Seungwoo Han; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2023;34(4):320-331. Published online December 29, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2023.00276

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This paper is a descriptive survey research to identify factors that affect acculturation stress in multicultural adolescents, and provide basic information that can be used to develop ways to improve their mental health.
Methods
This study used the data of the 2nd multicultural adolescents panel study provided on December 30, 2022 by the National Youth Policy Institute. The subjects of this study were 1,520 multicultural adolescents in the fourth grade of elementary school and the survey period was from July to November 2020. The dependent variable was acculturation stress, and the explanatory variables were as follows: mother’s and father’s country of origin, region size, home economic conditions, academic achievement, experience of discrimination, mother’s level of education, father’s level of education, and number of close friends. Data analysis involved calculation of descriptive statistics, analysis of differences in the level of acculturative stress and general characteristics between male and female adolescents, and multiple regression analysis.
Results
This study found that there are gender differences in significant influencing factors for acculturation stress among multicultural adolescents. For males, factors influencing acculturation stress were identified as regional size, mother's education level, parental support, and teacher support. For females, they were regional size, experience of discrimination, number of close friends, parental support, and self-esteem.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that psychiatric nurses should provide psychiatric nursing and counseling to multicultural adolescents in addition to clinical psychiatric nursing. Various mental health programs should be developed for multicultural adolescents, with a focus on counseling, education, and family therapy.

Factors Influencing the Physical Activity of Foreign Workers: Based on a Health Promotion Model: Jeong Eui Cho, Yeong Mi Ha; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2021;32(3):344-355. Published online September 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2021.32.3.344

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Purpose
With low birth rates and aging population problems in Korea, the number of foreign workers grows rapidly. The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing physical activity of foreign workers based on a Health Promotion Model by examining relationships between acculturation, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, exercise self-efficacy, activity-related affect, social support, and physical activity. Methods: The participants were foreign workers aged 18 to 60 who were employed at eight shipyards. A questionnaire was distributed to 216 participants.
Results
As a result of the multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis, factors affecting physical activity of foreign workers were perceived benefits (B=.65, 95% CI=0.08~1.22), exercise self-efficacy (B=.16, 95% CI=0.05~0.26), integration (B=.41 95% CI=0.14~0.69), and social support for physical activity (B=.48, 95% CI=0.12~0.83). The total explanatory power was 17.7% (x² =41.95, p<.001). Conclusion: Based on these results, there is a need to develop a customized program to increase physical activities of foreign workers by enhancing integration, perceived benefits, exercise self-efficacy and social support.

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Structural Equation Modeling of Health Promotion Behavior on Migrant Workers: A Multi-Group Analysis Based on the Period of Residence
Hanna Jeong, Youngsuk Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(1): 73. CrossRef

The Effects of Acculturative Stress, Career Stress, and Social Support on Depression in Korean International Students in China: Ah Ra Lee, Hye Kyung Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(1):96-106. Published online March 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.1.96

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to examine the level of acculturative stress, career stress, social support and depression, and identify factors affecting depression among Korean international students in China.
Methods
Data were collected from 157 Korean students studying in undergraduate, graduate, students exchange programs and language training courses in G university, J university, and S university in G city, Guangdong Province, China, from September 1 to October 27, 2017. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression.
Results
The mean acculturative stress was 62.24±18.08 out of 165, whereas the mean career stress was 65.47±19.79 out of 125. The mean social support was 95.03±14.64 out of 125, and the mean depression score was 13.83±9.24 out of 60. The factor that had the greatest effect on depression among the participants was acculturative stress (β=.26, p=.001), followed by career stress (β=.24, p=.002), frequency of weekly phone calls with family (β=.19, p=.006), source of tuition payment (β=.18, p=.009), and self-perceived health (β=.15, p=.040). The model explained 33% of the variance.
Conclusion
It is necessary to develop depression prevention and management programs as well as a customized health promotion program that account for the factors identified to have an effect on depression, namely, acculturative stress, career stress, frequency of weekly phone calls with family, source of tuition payment, and self-perceived health, and increase awareness of depression among international students.

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Efficacy of Interventional Programs in Reducing Acculturative Stress and Enhancing Adjustment of International Students to the New Host Educational Environment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Musheer A. Aljaberi, Abdulsamad Alsalahi, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, Sarah Noman, Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi, Rukman Awang Hamat
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 7765. CrossRef

Mediating Effects of Acculturative Stress in the Relationship between Satisfaction with Life, Career Identity and Depression among Vietnamese Students: Eun Sook Bae, Hye Seung Kang, So Young Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(1):76-85. Published online March 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.1.76

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of acculturative stress on the impact of satisfaction with life and career identity on depression among the Vietnamese students enrolled in a language course in Korea.
Methods
A questionnaire survey was conducted to get answers of 225 Vietnamese students enrolled in the language course in a college in Busan. Data were collected from November to December 2018. The Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients and path analysis using SPSS/WIN 20.0 and Amos 18.0 program.
Results
Acculturative stress was affected by satisfaction with life (β=−.43, p<.001) and career identity (β=−.45, p<.001). Furthermore, depression was affected by acculturative stress (β=.49, p<.001) and career identity (β=−.25, p<.001), but depression was not affected by the satisfaction with life (β=−.15, p=.029). The mediating effect of acculturative stress between two exogenous variables(satisfaction with life and career identity) and depression was proved.
Conclusion
The result of this study suggests that it is necessary to develop an intervention program to reduce the acculturative stress and depression of Vietnamese students enrolled in the language course.

Citations

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Intercultural sensitivity as a mediator in the relationship between implicit intercultural identification and emotional disturbance—An exploratory study of international high school students
Jiayin He, Xiaoqi Song, Chanyu Wang, Ruibin Zhang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Affecting Health-Promoting Behaviors among Vietnamese Students in Korea
Tran Thi Quynh Anh, Minkyung Kang, Nahyun Kim
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(4): 349. CrossRef

Influential Factors of Psychological Well-Being of Migrant Workers: Han Na Jung, Young Suk Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(1):54-64. Published online March 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.1.54

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2 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aims to identify related factors of psychological well-being of migrant workers in Korea.
Methods
The subjects were 138 migrant workers residing legally in K or B Cities. Data were collected from July 1 to August 31, 2018, using self-report structured questionnaires that were translated into English, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression.
Results
The most important influencing factors on the psychological well-being of migrant workers were social support (β=.36, p<.001), followed by perceived health status (β=.25, p=.001), education (β=−.18, p=.015), and spouse support (β=.16, p=.032). The overall explanatory power was 28.9%.
Conclusion
In order to improve the psychological well-being of migrant workers, it is required to develop a nursing approach that may promote the social support, health status, and spouse support, and consider the educational level of migrant workers.

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Relationship between social interaction and health of the floating elderly population in China: an analysis based on interaction type, mode and frequency
Yiqing Xing, Liang Zhang, Yuelu Zhang, Ruibo He
BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Social Support for Acculturative Stress, Job Stress, and Perceived Discrimination Among Migrant Workers Moderates COVID-19 Pandemic Depression
Youlim Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Mikyung Lee
International Journal of Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Validation of a Path Model of Vietnamese Migrant Workers' Occupational Stress: Hye Jeong Jeon, Ga Eon Lee, Jung Ok Yu; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(4):404-413. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.4.404

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to construct and verify a path model for the influencing factors on occupational stress of Vietnamese migrant workers in Korea.
METHODS
Participants were 193 Vietnamese migrant workers recruited from Foreign Workers Support Centers. Data were collected by a self-administered survey with copies of a Questionnaire written in Vietnamese. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients and path analysis using SPSS/WIN 23.0 and Amos 20.0 program.
RESULTS
Length of residence, homeland friends' and Korean colleagues'supports, and acculturation have been found to have significant direct effects on occupational stress of Vietnamese migrant workers. Meanwhile, Length of residence, homeland friends', Korean colleagues', and their families' supports showed indirect effects on their occupational stress. What had the greatest direct effect on occupational stress of Vietnamese migrant workers was Korean colleagues' support.
CONCLUSION
For reducing occupational stress of Vietnamese migrant workers, it is necessary to strengthen their Korean colleagues' supports in work places. In addition, community organizations should take strategies to enhance homeland friends' supports and to improve acculturation of Vietnamese migrant workers.

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Work Adaptation Experience of Vietnamese Workers in Korean Workplaces: Constructivist Grounded Theory
HyeJung Jun, GaEon Lee
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 108. CrossRef
What Determines the Health-related Quality of Life of Vietnamese Migrant Workers in Korea?
Jihyon Pahn, Heesuk Kim, Youngran Yang
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 147. CrossRef
Mediating effects of religious coping on acculturative stress and life satisfaction: Focus on Sri Lankan migrant workers in Korea
Bu-Hyun Nam
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.2023; 32(2): 314. CrossRef

Acculturative Stress and Depression of Vietnamese Immigrant Workers in Korea: Hye Jeong Jeon, Ga Eon Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(4):380-389. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.4.380

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between acculturative stress and depression of Vietnamese immigrant workers in Korea.
METHODS
The subjects were 230 Vietnamese immigrant workers residing legally in B or K City. Data were collected from July 12, 2014 to August 3, 2014, and were analyzed using the SPSS PASW 21.0 program.
RESULTS
The average level of acculturative stress was 2.91 and there were significant differences in the score according to whether to have a religion, the number of homeland friends, and Korean language skill. The average depression level of the subjects was 15.3 and the level was different significantly according to whether to have a religion, the number of homeland friends, salary, working hours, and Korean language skill. Acculturative stress and depression showed a significant positive correlation with each other. The influencing factors of depression were acculturative stress and the number of homeland friends. The most significant factor was acculturative stress.
CONCLUSION
This result shows the necessity of various programs to diminish acculturative stress to control the depression of immigrant workers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Work Adaptation Experience of Vietnamese Workers in Korean Workplaces: Constructivist Grounded Theory
HyeJung Jun, GaEon Lee
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 108. CrossRef
What Determines the Health-related Quality of Life of Vietnamese Migrant Workers in Korea?
Jihyon Pahn, Heesuk Kim, Youngran Yang
Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 147. CrossRef
Mediating effects of religious coping on acculturative stress and life satisfaction: Focus on Sri Lankan migrant workers in Korea
Bu-Hyun Nam
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.2023; 32(2): 314. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Physical Activity of Foreign Workers: Based on a Health Promotion Model
Jeong Eui Cho, Yeongmi Ha
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2021; 32(3): 344. CrossRef
Argumentum ad hominem and coercive company culture influences on workaholism: Results and implications of a cross-cultural South Korea study
Joon-ho Kim, Hyun-ju Choi, Jong-pil Yu, Jeong-hee Lim, Hyuck-jin Lee, Seung-hye Jung
Journal of Psychology in Africa.2020; 30(2): 135. CrossRef
Influential Factors of Psychological Well-Being of Migrant Workers
Hanna Jung, Youngsuk Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(1): 54. CrossRef
Influence of Depression and Social Support on Health-related Quality of Life among Migrant Workers: The Mediating Effect of Health Promoting Behavior
Hanna Jung, Youngsuk Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(3): 360. CrossRef
Job security and workaholism among non-permanent workers: The moderating influences of corporate culture
Joon-ho Kim, Seung-hye Jung, Soo-yun Yang, Hyun-ju Choi
Journal of Psychology in Africa.2019; 29(5): 443. CrossRef
Associations of Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Quality of Life among Indonesian Migrant Workers in South Korea
Dineva R Farah, Heeseung Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2019; 28(2): 172. CrossRef

The Effects of Socio-demographic Factors, Acculturation Stress and Resilience on Depression among Mothers-in-law in Multicultural Families: Dong Hee Kim, Sang Hwa Lee, Young Sil Bae, Yi Kyung Ha; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(3):221-229. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.3.221

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing depression among mothers-in-law in multicultural families.
METHODS
For this study, 159 participants from multicultural familieswere recruited through administrative units of the B. & U. Metropolitan City and G. Province. Data related to acculturation stress, resilience, and depression were collected fromApril to August 2014 and analyzed through t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 22.0 for Windows program.
RESULTS
The participants had a moderate level of acculturation stress (2.43+/-0.75: range 1~5) and resilience (4.74+/-1.14: range 1~7). About 58% of the participants had depression. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that mothersin-law's depression was affected by resilience (beta=-1.17, p<.001), acculturation stress (beta=0.85, p=.026), perceived economic level (beta=-0.83, p=.016), difficulty in physical activity (beta=-0.62, p=.027), relationship satisfaction (beta=-0.51, p=.035), and education level (beta=-0.48, p=.033). The explanatory power of these factors was 35%.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicated the need to lower the level of depression by enhancing resilience and reducing acculturation stress among mothers-in-law in multicultural families. Future research to reduce depression among mothers-in-law inmulticultural families should consider how to enhance resilience and reduce acculturation stress.

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Effects of cultural adaptation resilience promotion program for mothers-in-law in multicultural families
Sang-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hee Kim, Kyoungrim Kang, Omnia Samir El Seifi
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(9): e0274224. CrossRef

Acculturation, Social Network, and Health-related Quality of Life in Korean-Chinese Immigrants: Meen Hye Lee, Hyeon Kyeong Lee, Sue Kim, Yeon Soo Jang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013;24(4):438-450. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.4.438

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify relationships between acculturation, social network, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Korean-Chinese immigrants.
METHODS
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 147 Korean-Chinese immigrants who were residing more than 1 year in Korea. Physical and mental dimensions of HRQOL were assessed by Short Form-12 Health Survey that consisted of a physical component summary (PCS) and a mental component summary (MCS). Data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation and multiple regression.
RESULTS
The mean PCS score was 41.14+/-10.72 and the mean MCS score was 49.09+/-11.31 (possible range 10-70). Depression (beta=-6.43) and Social network frequency (beta=2.44) explained 28.4% of the variance in PCS while depression (beta=-11.54) and visiting clinic/hospital (beta=-4.00) explained 34.3% of the variance in MCS. Acculturation was not significantly associated with HRQOL.
CONCLUSION
This study confirmed that the social network frequency influences HRQOL among Korean-Chinese Immigrants. The findings suggest that social network analysis should be considered in the process of developing health intervention strategies for Korean-Chinese immigrants.

Citations

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Influencing Factors on Health-related Quality of Life among Japanese Middle-aged Marriage-based Immigrant Women in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Keiko Asami, Duckhee Chae
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(2): 188. CrossRef
Health‐related quality of life among migrant workers: The impact of health‐promoting behaviors
Sunghye Cho, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Eui Geum Oh, Gwang Suk Kim, Yong‐Chan Kim, Chang‐gi Park
Nursing & Health Sciences.2020; 22(2): 318. CrossRef
Factors on Healthcare Utilization by Asian Immigrants in the United States
Aeyoung So, Jennie C. De Gagne, Jina Oh
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(1): 53. CrossRef

Experiences of Middle-aged Korean-Chinese Female Migrant Workers in Korea: With Focus on Risk Factors in Work-related Musculoskeletal Diseases: Hyeon Kyeong Lee, Duck Hee Chae, Kyong Eun Lee, Meen Hye Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013;24(2):185-194. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.2.185

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study was to explore situations that might put the middle-aged Korean-Chinese female migrant workers at risk for work-related musculoskeletal diseases (WMSDs). At the development phase of a continuing health project, the study aimed to clarify health promotion program needs of the migrant population.
METHODS
A qualitative description research design was used with three focus groups of 23 Korean-Chinese female migrant workers. Each focus group interview was conducted for 70-minutes using semi-structured interview guidelines. The data were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis techniques.
RESULTS
The majority of the participants were household workers and their work included heavy material handling, standing for a long time, and working in awkward postures. They experienced discrimination from employers, lack of control at work, limitations in open-communication, job insecurity, and acculturation. They had needs to have health promotion programs for preventing and managing chronic diseases, depression and menopause as well as WMSDs.
CONCLUSION
The participants were situated in work environments with physical demanding tasks, acculturative and job-related stress and lack of opportunities to participate in health promotion programs. It is suggested to develop a comprehensive program to better meet the needs of middle-aged Korean-Chinese female migrant workers rather than targeting the reduction of WMSDs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Health and medical experience of migrant workers: qualitative meta-synthesis
Hyun-Jin Cho, Kyoungrim Kang, Kyo-Yeon Park
Archives of Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Moderating Effect of Mental Health on the Relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease Awareness and Health Behaviors of Middle-Aged Korean Chinese Workers With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korea
Yu Zhu Zhang, Seon Young Hwang
Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2023; 34(2): 131. CrossRef
Network Support Using Social Networking Services to Increase Exercise Adherence Among Korean-Chinese Middle-Aged Migrant Women: Mixed Methods Study
Hyeyeon Lee, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Youlim Kim, Sookyung Kim, Young-Me Lee
JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2020; 8(11): e19159. CrossRef
Development of a Living Lab for a Mobile-Based Health Program for Korean-Chinese Working Women in South Korea: Mixed Methods Study
Youlim Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Mi Kyung Lee, Hyeyeon Lee, Hyoeun Jang
JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2020; 8(1): e15359. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Education Materials for Middle-aged Korean-Chinese Female Workers: Applying Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P)
Hyeonkyeong Lee, Junghee Kim, Ri Yoo, Ja-yin Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(3): 284. CrossRef

Acculturative Stress, Depression and Drinking Problems of Korean International Students in the United States: Soon Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(4):366-375. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.4.366

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of drinking problems in Korean international students in the United States.
METHODS
The subjects involved this study were 190 Korean international students in the United States. Data were measured using a drinking problems questionnaire, an acculturative stress scale for international student, and the CES-D. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program to calculate mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Sheffe test and pearson's correlation coefficient. and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
1) The mean score of the degree of perceived acculturative stress was 2.15+/-0.63, of depression was 17.67+/-9.85, and of drinking problems was 15.03+/-15.52. 2) There were significant correlations between acculturative stress and drinking problems (r=.506, p<.001), between depression and drinking problems (r=.6726, p<.001), and between acculturative stress and depression (r=.453, p<.001). 3) In stepwise multiple regression analysis the most powerful predictor of drinking problems were acculturative stress (beta=.243, p<.001), and depression (beta=.562, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results, practical implications for reducing the acculturative stress and improving the psychological well-being of Korean students were discussed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Effects of Acculturative Stress, Career Stress, and Social Support on Depression in Korean International Students in China
Ah Ra Lee, Hye Kyung Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(1): 96. CrossRef
Binge drinking and drinking and driving among South Korean international college students in the USA
J Sa, D-C Seo, TF Nelson, DK Lohrmann, NT Ellis
Health Education Journal.2015; 74(1): 84. CrossRef
Impacts of Social Support and Acculturative Stress on Depression among Korean Registered Nurses in the United States
Young-Mi Jung
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2014; 20(2): 192. CrossRef

Problem behaviors, Cultural Identity and Acculturation of North Korean Refugee Youth: Young Suk Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(2):144-154. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.2.144

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of problem behaviors, cultural identity and acculturation of North Korean (NK) refugee youth and to suggest an appropriate approach for helping them to adjust to our society based on these findings.
METHODS
The subjects were 117 NK adolescent refugees in Hanawon. Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire, Youth Self Report (YSR), the South-North Korean cultural identity.
RESULTS
Problem behaviors of NK refugee youth were the highest in anxiety/depression and withdrawal behavior and were followed by internalized behavior, aggressiveness, overall problem behavior, externalized behavior, delinquency and positive behavior in that order. Acculturation was the highest in 'separation' followed by 'integration', 'assimilation' and 'marginalization' in that order. No significant relationship was found between acculturation types and problem behaviors except positive behavior.
CONCLUSION
This study provides some important information that we have to develop specific strategies and interventions primarily focused on withdrawal, anxiety/depression, and internalization for the adjustment and mental health of NK refugee youth. It is necessary to explore further research related to cultural identity, acculturation processes, and the correlation between acculturation types and problem behaviors.

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